Question

Identify the Pahari miniature painting and the artist from the Raga Mala series in which ‘Krishna’ is seen as God. Explain it briefly on the basis of 'Atma-Parmatama'.

Hint:

For polynomial \(x^2 + bx + c\), the sum of zeroes is \(-b\) and the product is \(c\). This shortcut only works when the coefficient of \(x^2\) is 1.

Answer 1

The Pahari miniature painting depicting Krishna as God is part of the Raga Mala series, a collection of Indian miniatures associated with specific ragas of classical Indian music. These paintings, typically produced in the hill regions of India, combine both musical and visual art. In the Raga Mala series, Krishna is often portrayed in a divine light, embodying both his playful youth and his cosmic, godly nature. Specifically, in the painting where Krishna is depicted as God, several artistic elements point to his spiritual stature. This painting can be attributed to the Guler School of Pahari miniatures, a style that flourished during the 18th century in the region of Guler (in present-day Himachal Pradesh).
Key Points of the Painting:

1. The Artist:
The Guler School of painting was known for its delicate, detailed works that combined both Mughal and Rajput artistic traditions. The artist behind this particular painting is believed to be Nainsukh, a prominent artist from the Guler School. Nainsukh was known for his skill in depicting religious themes, often portraying gods and goddesses in intimate and divine forms. His use of vibrant colors and delicate brushstrokes helped bring the divine aspect of Krishna’s persona to life.
2. The Depiction of Krishna as God:
In this miniature, Krishna is not just the playful young flute player; instead, he is seen in his divine form, reflecting his position as both the creator and preserver of the universe. Krishna is often shown with a radiant aura, signifying his divinity. The Raga Mala series blends the visual representation of Krishna with musical expressions, where each raga is associated with certain emotions, times of the day, and spiritual elements. Krishna’s portrayal in the Raga Mala series emphasizes his all-encompassing nature — as a personal deity, he is also depicted as the cosmic soul. This aspect aligns with the concept of Atma-Parmatama (the relationship between the individual soul and the Supreme Soul), where Krishna represents the Parmatama (Supreme Soul), and the soul (Atma) is seen as a part of this universal energy.
3. Atma-Parmatama Concept in the Painting:
The Atma-Parmatama concept is integral to understanding the depiction of Krishna in this painting. According to this philosophical idea, the individual soul (Atma) is ultimately one with the Supreme Soul (Parmatama). Krishna, in his portrayal as the Supreme Being, symbolizes the unity of Atma and Parmatama. In this painting, Krishna’s divine form signifies the connection between the personal and the universal; while he remains accessible to his devotees in human form, his true essence is boundless, eternal, and omnipresent. This mirrors the core beliefs of the Bhakti movement, which emphasizes personal devotion to a god while recognizing the divine as omnipresent and universal. The artist’s decision to portray Krishna in such a divine and cosmic form helps reinforce this idea — not only is Krishna a god among humans, but he is the very essence of the universe, embodying the unity between the individual and the divine. The painting invites the viewer to meditate on the idea that the soul, like Krishna, has the potential to merge with the divine, to achieve oneness with the Supreme Soul (Parmatama).