List-I (Consumer Organisation) | List-II (Example) |
(A) Consumer Union | (III) Consumer Report |
(B) VOICE | (I) Consumer Voice |
(C) Australian Consumer Association | (IV) Choice |
(D) CERC | (II) Insight |
Highly conserved proteins such as Haemoglobin and Cytochrome-C provide the best biochemical evidence to trace evolutionary relationships between different groups. Cytochrome-C is formed of 104 amino acids. Cytochrome-C is the respiratory pigment present in all eukaryotic cells. It has evolved at a constant rate during evolution. In chimpanzees and humans, Cytochrome-C genes are identical. The given data shows the evolution of the Cytochrome-C gene in different mammals from kangaroos, cows, rodents to humans:
Groups | Nucleotide substitution in the gene of Cytochrome-C | Millions of years ago |
---|---|---|
Human/Kangaroo | 100 | 125 mya |
Human/Cow | 75 | 120 mya |
Human/Rodent | 60 | 75 mya |
(a) Select the correct option for the time of separation of two groups and the number of nucleotide substitutions in the gene of Cytochrome-C:
Options | Time of separation of two groups during evolution | Number of nucleotide substitutions |
---|---|---|
(i) | Lesser | Greater |
(ii) | Greater | Lesser |
(iii) | Greater | Greater |
(b) What do you infer about the type of evolution (convergent or divergent) for the given pair of groups and why?
(i) Human and Kangaroo
(ii) Human and Rodent
(c)
(i) Define convergent evolution.
OR
(ii) Define divergent evolution.
(a) (i) Describe the population growth curve applicable in a population of any species in nature that has unlimited resources at its disposal.
(ii) Explain the equation of this growth curve.
(iii) Name the growth curve and depict a graphical plot for this type of population growth.
OR
(b) (i) Explain the conclusion drawn by Alexander von Humboldt during his extensive explorations in the wilderness of South American jungles.
(ii) Give the equation of the Species-Area relationship.
(iii) Draw a graphical representation of the relation between species richness and area for a wide variety of taxa such as birds, bats, etc.
(a) (i) Explain the structure of a typical monocotyledonous embryo of a flowering plant.
(ii) How are multiple embryos formed in a citrus fruit? What is the mechanism known as?
OR
(b) (i) Name and explain the structural organization of the male sex accessory ducts in the human male reproductive system.
(ii) Describe the role of gonadotropin FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone) in the regulation of spermatogenesis.