We need to differentiate \( x^5 + \cos 2x \) with respect to \( x \). Using basic differentiation rules:
\[
\frac{d}{dx} \left( x^5 \right) = 5x^4
\]
Next, applying the chain rule to \( \cos 2x \):
\[
\frac{d}{dx} \left( \cos 2x \right) = -\sin 2x \cdot 2 = -2\sin 2x
\]
Thus, the derivative is:
\[
5x^4 - 2\sin 2x
\]
Therefore, the correct option is:
\[
\boxed{5x^4 - 2\sin 2x}
\]