Question

Explain the term Janaka raga along with 4 examples.

Hint:

Janaka ragas are parent scales with 7 notes in both ascent and descent—e.g., Todi, Kharaharapriya, Mayamalavagowla.

Answer 1

Janaka raga (also called Melakarta raga) refers to a parent or fundamental scale in Carnatic music from which janya ragas (derived ragas) originate. These ragas are complete in structure and follow specific ascending and descending rules. Characteristics of Janaka Ragas:

Must contain all 7 swaras in both Arohanam and Avarohanam.
Must be symmetric (no vakra or omission).
Follow a specific swara sequence and logical derivation.
A total of 72 Janaka ragas exist, as per the Melakarta scheme.
Examples of Janaka Ragas:

Mayamalavagowla (15) – Common for beginner lessons.
Todi (8) – Known for its gamakas and depth.
Kharaharapriya (22) – A raga for emotive expression.
Shanmukhapriya (56) – Vivadi raga with rich scope for improvisation.
Importance: Janaka ragas are used as the framework for teaching, composing, and improvising in Carnatic music.