Question

Explain the growth of Buddhism during the ancient period. Explain the role of Begums of Bhopal in conserving the Buddhist ancient site of Sanchi.

Answer 1

Growth of Buddhism:
Buddhism, founded by Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) in the 5th century BCE, grew rapidly during the ancient period. Initially a small movement in northeastern India, it spread across the subcontinent and beyond due to several factors:
1. Support of Kings:
The support of rulers like Ashoka the Great played a pivotal role in the spread of Buddhism. After his conversion to Buddhism, Ashoka actively promoted the religion through inscriptions, missionary work, and the building of stupas, monasteries, and other structures associated with Buddhism. His efforts significantly expanded the reach of Buddhism across India and to neighboring regions.
2. Missionary Activities:
Buddhist missionaries, sent by Ashoka and other Buddhist rulers, traveled to far-off lands such as Sri Lanka, Central Asia, and Southeast Asia, spreading Buddhist teachings. This helped Buddhism establish a foothold in various parts of Asia, contributing to its global expansion.
3. Social and Religious Appeal:
Buddhism's message of equality, non-violence, and renunciation of worldly desires resonated with large sections of society, including merchants, traders, and the lower castes. Buddhism provided an alternative to the rigid caste-based social order of the time, attracting a diverse following.
4. Development of Buddhist Texts and Philosophy:
The development of Buddhist scriptures, such as the Tripitaka and various Mahayana texts, contributed to the intellectual and philosophical growth of Buddhism. The formation of Buddhist councils, particularly the Fourth Council under Ashoka, played a key role in preserving and codifying Buddhist teachings.
Role of the Begums of Bhopal in Conserving the Buddhist Ancient Site of Sanchi:
The ancient site of Sanchi, famous for its stupas, pillars, and sculptures, was a significant center of Buddhist art and architecture. The Begums of Bhopal, particularly Begum Sultan Jahan and her successors, played a crucial role in the preservation and restoration of Sanchi in the 19th century.
1. Restoration Efforts:
The Begums, especially Begum Sultan Jahan, took active steps to protect the Sanchi site from further decay and neglect. The site had been in a state of ruin for centuries, with many of the stupas and structures in disrepair. The Begums funded and initiated restoration work, ensuring that the historical and cultural value of Sanchi was preserved.
2. Support from Archaeological Survey of India:
The Begums of Bhopal also played a significant role in facilitating the work of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). They provided support for excavations and restoration work, and their patronage helped attract attention to the significance of the site.
3. Encouraging Scholarship:
Through their patronage, the Begums encouraged scholars, archaeologists, and artists to study and document the Buddhist heritage of Sanchi. This scholarly attention helped in understanding the historical and artistic significance of the site and contributed to its recognition as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
4. Preservation of Buddhist Heritage:
The Begums' efforts were instrumental in preserving not only the physical structures of Sanchi but also the spiritual and cultural heritage associated with Buddhism. Their contributions ensured that Sanchi remains an important center for Buddhist studies and pilgrimage to this day.