Question

The passage makes all of the following claims EXCEPT:

• A. elephant mothers are evolving newer ways of rearing their calves to adapt to emerging threats.
• B. the elephant response to deeply disturbing experiences is similar to that of humans.
• C. human actions such as poaching and culling have created stressful conditions for elephant communities.
• D. elephants establish extended and enduring familial relationships as do humans.
• A. Recent elephant behaviour could be understood as a form of species-wide trauma-related response.
• B. Elephants, like the humans they are in conflict with, are profoundly social creatures.
• C. The relationship between elephants and humans has changed from one of coexistence to one of hostility.
• D. The brain organisation and early development of elephants and humans are extremely similar.
• A. Funding of more studies to better understand the impact of testosterone on male elephant aggression.
• B. The development of treatment programmes for elephants drawing on insights gained from treating post-traumatic stress disorder in humans.
• C. Studying the impact of isolating elephant calves on their early brain development, behaviour and aggression.
• D. Increased funding for research into the similarity of humans and other animals drawing on insights gained from human-elephant similarities.
• A. an accurate description of the condition of elephant herds today.
• B. a metaphor for the effect of human activity on elephant communities.
• C. an exaggeration aimed at bolstering Bradshaw’s claims.
• D. an ode to the fragility of elephant society today.
• A. there is a purposefulness in human and elephant aggression towards each other.
• B. elephant herds and their habitat have been systematically destroyed by humans.
• C. human-elephant interactions have changed their character over time.
• D. both humans and elephants have killed members of each other’s species.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is A

To determine which claim the passage does not make, we need to analyze the content presented. First, let's look at each statement from the options:

1. Elephant mothers are evolving newer ways of rearing their calves to adapt to emerging threats.
2. The elephant response to deeply disturbing experiences is similar to that of humans.
3. Human actions such as poaching and culling have created stressful conditions for elephant communities.
4. Elephants establish extended and enduring familial relationships as do humans.

Now, let's examine how each statement is supported or not supported by the passage:

1. Option 1: The passage elaborates on how young elephants are born to and raised by younger and inexperienced mothers due to social disruptions. This implies challenges rather than new adaptive strategies by elephant mothers (not explicitly mentioned).

2. Option 2: This is explicitly mentioned in the passage, highlighting the similarity in responses to trauma between elephants and humans.

3. Option 3: The passage directly attributes chronic stress and collapses of elephant culture to human actions like poaching and culling.

4. Option 4: The passage describes the profound social structure of elephants, akin to extended familial relationships in humans.

Therefore, the claim not made by the passage is:

Elephant mothers are evolving newer ways of rearing their calves to adapt to emerging threats.

Answer 2

To determine the statement that best expresses the overall argument of the passage, we should first understand the core message conveyed by the author. The passage discusses the changing relationship between elephants and humans, highlighting the shift from peaceful coexistence to hostility and violence. It particularly emphasizes the impact of poaching, culling, and habitat loss on elephants, leading to societal and cultural disruptions within elephant herds. This has resulted in elephants exhibiting behaviors akin to trauma-related disorders. The author draws parallels between elephants and humans, focusing on their social nature and similar brain development and organization. This evidence supports the argument that recent elephant behavior can be understood as a trauma-related response. The passage centers around the notion of species-wide trauma due to external human-induced factors negatively impacting elephant societies and individual development. Based on this understanding, the statement "Recent elephant behaviour could be understood as a form of species-wide trauma-related response" encapsulates the main argument of the passage. It aligns with the observations and conclusions presented by Bradshaw and her colleagues regarding the effects of environmental and social disruptions on elephant populations, paralleling trauma responses observed in humans. 

Answer 3

The correct answer is (B):
To answer this question, we must first carefully read the question. The question wants us to address the problem of aggression in elephants, suggesting that we must pick the option that brings a solution to the problem of elephant aggression.
Option 1 goes out because the testosterone issue is not at all a concern or the bone of contention. Moreover, by understanding it, how would we be able to address the problem concerning elephant aggression.
Option 2 could indeed help us address the problem of elephant aggression because the trauma experienced by elephants is very similar to stress disorder in humans, and because elephants are social creatures just as humans are, insights gained from treating post-traumatic stress disorder in humans might help us address the problem of elephant aggression. Option 2 is the right choice Both option 3 and 4 are not likely to contribute in any ways to addressing the problem of elephant aggression. If yes, then there must a strong evidence for that in the passage, but we have no such evidence.

Answer 4

The phrase “The fabric of elephant society . . . has(s) effectively been frayed by . . .” found in paragraph 4 of the provided comprehension is best understood as a metaphor for the effect of human activity on elephant communities. This conclusion emerges from analyzing the text. The passage illustrates that the once intricate and cohesive social networks within elephant herds have been disrupted by poaching, culling, habitat loss, and translocation. These human-induced factors have fragmented the traditional familial structures and interrelations among elephants, akin to how a fabric might become frayed when its threads are pulled apart. Metaphorically, the phrase conveys the weakening and breakdown of normal societal functions among elephants due to external, human-imposed pressures, thereby reflecting the negative impact of human actions on these creatures.

Answer 5

The term “violence” is used by Bradshaw in the first paragraph to describe the change in the human-elephant relationship because:

1. There is intentionality associated with the aggression of both humans and elephants. Bradshaw highlights that for centuries, humans and elephants coexisted peacefully. However, there is now hostility, referring to intentional acts of aggression from both sides.
2. Bradshaw's perspective focuses on the purposefulness behind these aggressive interactions, which distinguishes them from mere natural behaviors or accidental encounters.
3. The quoted text from Bradshaw mentions “the intentionality associated with it,” indicating that the observed violence is deliberate, hence supporting the correct answer: there is a purposefulness in human and elephant aggression towards each other.
4. While other factors like testosterone levels and competition for resources are acknowledged as causes of aggression, Bradshaw emphasizes the psychological and cultural upheavals faced by elephants due to human actions. This reinforces her view on the intentional aspect of violence in the changed relationship.

The correct answer is thus summarized by the purposeful aggression noted between humans and elephants. This understanding encapsulates the impact of human activities and their consequences on elephant society, confirming the chosen option.