A direct implication from the passage is that {.….Said's work became a model for demonstrating cultural forms of imperialism in travel texts, showing how the political, economic, or administrative fact of dominance relies on legitimating discourses such as those articulated through travel writing…..}. Said's work is noted for providing scholars with insights into "cultural imperialism" and its role in legitimizing colonial domination or comparable endeavors. Option C accurately encapsulates this idea, while Options A, C, and D either deviate from the discourse or misinterpret its implications.
The correct answer is (B): demonstrated how cultural imperialism was used to justify colonial domination.
The question prompts us to explore why scholars argue that Victorian women underwent self-development during their travels. Let's focus our attention on the following excerpt from the passage: {... Many studies from the 1970s onward demonstrated the ways in which women’s gendered identities were negotiated differently ‘at home” than they were “away,” thereby showing women’s self-development through travel...}.
It is emphasized that traveling, being away from home, allowed women's identities to undergo a different negotiation process, highlighting transformation or reconfiguration, which consequently led to their self-development.
Option A best aligns with this interpretation. Options B, C, and D do not provide this rationale and are therefore inaccurate statements or inferences.
The correct answer is (A): their identity was redefined when they were away from home.
We can focus on the answer by examining the following excerpt: {... The completion of the first U.S. transcontinental highway during the 1920s... for example, inaugurated a new genre of travel literature about the United States—the automotive or road narrative. Such narratives highlight the experiences of mostly male protagonists “discovering themselves” on their journeys, emphasizing the independence of road travel and the value of rural folk traditions...}.
Option A: Offers a distorted comment that does not align with the discussed idea. The passage indicates that road journeys allowed male protagonists to "discover themselves," making the phrase "desire for independence" inaccurate.
Option B: Is not even remotely discussed or implied in the passage.
Option C: The passage mentions the completion of the first U.S. transcontinental highway during the 1920s, which led to the emergence of a new genre emphasizing the freedom associated with road travel. Thus, it implicitly portrays travel as an experience celebrating individual independence, as indicated by the phrase "emphasizing the independence." Therefore, among the given options, Option C effectively captures the characteristics of American travel literature from the 1920s.
Option D: Discusses participation in local traditions, which is not mentioned or implied in the passage.
So, the correct option is (C): celebrated the freedom that travel gives.
We need to uncover the factors that shaped the perspectives of feminist scholars who investigated the travel experiences of Victorian women. These scholars aimed to challenge the predominantly male-centric narrative in geography by questioning the subjects deemed relevant for geographic study and reevaluating what constitutes geographic knowledge. By examining the involvement of women in travel writing during the Victorian era, these scholars were able to explore fresh perspectives and accomplish the stated objectives {"...such questions are worked through ideological constructs that posit men as explorers and women as travelers—or, conversely, men as travelers and women as tied to the home..."} [Option A].
The diverse perspectives expressed by women during this era stemmed from disparities in gendered identities, suggesting an underlying inequality in gender roles [Option C].
Furthermore, research exploring how travel impacted women's gender identities contributed to feminist scholars' comprehension of Victorian women's travel experiences [Option D].
There is no indication that knowledge of "class" tensions, as mentioned in Option B, was a crucial factor influencing scholars' understanding.
The correct answer is (B): knowledge of class tensions in Victorian society.
Considering that travel writing entails the portrayal and narration of personal travel encounters or viewpoints on the world, the most relevant category would be autobiographical writing [Option D]. Political journalism and feminist writing are irrelevant in this context and can be disregarded. Similarly, linking travel literature with historical fiction would be inappropriate.
So, the correct answer is (D): autobiographical writing.
“Why do they pull down and do away with crooked streets, I wonder, which are my delight, and hurt no man living? Every day the wealthier nations are pulling down one or another in their capitals and their great towns: they do not know why they do it; neither do I. It ought to be enough, surely, to drive the great broad ways which commerce needs and which are the life-channels of a modern city, without destroying all history and all the humanity in between: the islands of the past.” (From Hilaire Belloc’s “The Crooked Streets”)
Based only on the information provided in the above passage, which one of the following statements is true?