Question

Diagnosis and management of lung tumours.

Hint:

Lung cancer management involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, with treatment decisions based on the tumour type and genetic markers.

Answer 1

Step 1: Understanding Lung Tumours.
Lung tumours can be classified into two main categories: primary lung cancers (which originate in the lungs) and metastatic lung tumours (which spread from other organs). The most common type of primary lung cancer is non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), followed by small cell lung cancer (SCLC).

Step 2: Diagnosis of Lung Tumours.
The diagnosis of lung tumours typically involves:

Clinical Assessment: Symptoms such as chronic cough, hemoptysis (coughing up blood), shortness of breath, or chest pain often lead to further investigation.
Imaging Studies: Chest X-ray and CT scans are commonly used to detect lung masses and assess the extent of the disease.
Biopsy: Tissue biopsy (through bronchoscopy or CT-guided biopsy) is used to confirm the diagnosis and determine the histological type of cancer.
Molecular Testing: Genetic mutations (e.g., EGFR, ALK) and other molecular markers are tested to guide treatment options.

Step 3: Management of Lung Tumours.
The treatment of lung tumours depends on the stage and type of cancer. Management strategies include:

Surgery: For early-stage cancers, surgical resection of the tumour is the primary treatment option.
Chemotherapy: Systemic chemotherapy is commonly used for both NSCLC and SCLC, especially in advanced stages.
Radiation Therapy: This may be used for patients who cannot undergo surgery or for palliative care in advanced stages.
Targeted Therapy: In patients with specific genetic mutations, targeted therapy (e.g., EGFR inhibitors, ALK inhibitors) may be used.
Immunotherapy: Newer treatments involving immune checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., pembrolizumab) have shown promise in advanced lung cancers.

Step 4: Conclusion.
Early detection and personalized treatment approaches improve the prognosis for patients with lung cancer. Multidisciplinary management is essential for optimal outcomes.