Describe the change in hybridisation (if any) of the Al atom in the following reaction.
\(AlCl_3+Cl^- \rightarrow AlCl_4^-\)
\(AlCl_3+Cl^- \rightarrow AlCl_4^-\)
Solution and Explanation
The valence orbital picture of aluminium in the ground state can be represented as:
The orbital picture of aluminium in the excited state can be represented as:
Hence, it undergoes \(sp ^2\) hybridization to give a trigonal planar arrangement (in \(AlCl_3\)).
To form \(AlCl_4^ -\) , the empty \(3p_z\) orbital also gets involved and the hybridization changes from \(sp ^2\) to \(sp ^3\) .
As a result, the shape gets changed to tetrahedral.
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Match List - I with List - II.
List - I (Saccharides) List - II (Glycosidic linkages found)
(A) Sucrose (I) \( \alpha 1 - 4 \)
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List-II ( Distribution of hybrid orbitals in space )
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- H3PO2(aq) + 2CuSO4(aq) + 2 H2O(l) \(\rightarrow\) H3PO4(aq) + 2Cu(s) + H2SO4(aq)
- C6H5CHO(l) + 2[Ag (NH3)2]+(aq) + 3OH- (aq) \(\rightarrow\) C6H5COO- (aq) + 2Ag(s) + 4NH3(aq) + 2 H2O(l)
- C6H5CHO(l) + 2Cu2+(aq) + 5OH-(aq) \(\rightarrow\) No change observed.
What inference do you draw about the behaviour of Ag+ and Cu2+ from these reactions?
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Concepts Used:
Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
Such a group of atoms is called a molecule. Obviously, there must be some force that holds these constituent atoms together in the molecules. The attractive force which holds various constituents (atoms, ions, etc.) together in different chemical species is called a chemical bond.
Types of Chemical Bonds:
There are 4 types of chemical bonds which are formed by atoms or molecules to yield compounds.
- Ionic Bonds - Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bonding which involves a transfer of electrons from one atom or molecule to another.
- Covalent Bonds - Compounds that contain carbon commonly exhibit this type of chemical bonding.
- Hydrogen Bonds - It is a type of polar covalent bonding between oxygen and hydrogen wherein the hydrogen develops a partial positive charge
- Polar Bonds - In Polar Covalent chemical bonding, electrons are shared unequally since the more electronegative atom pulls the electron pair closer to itself and away from the less electronegative atom.
Factors Affecting Bond Enthalpy in Chemical Bonding:
- Size of the Atom
- Multiplicity of Bonds
- Number of Lone Pair of Electrons Present
- Bond Angle