Question

Define SQL Injection and how it affects database security.

Hint:

Never trust user input directly in SQL queries — use parameterized queries to prevent SQL Injection.

Answer 1

Concept: SQL Injection (SQLi) is a type of injection attack that targets databases by exploiting vulnerabilities in applications that accept user input. Attackers insert malicious SQL code into queries, allowing them to interact with the database in unintended ways. Step 1: {\color{red}What is SQL Injection?}
SQL Injection occurs when:

• User input is not properly validated or sanitized
• Malicious SQL statements are injected into queries

For example, attackers may manipulate login forms to bypass authentication.
Step 2: {\color{red}How SQL Injection Works}
A vulnerable application may construct queries like:

• Concatenating user input directly into SQL statements

Attackers exploit this by inserting:

• Always-true conditions (e.g., bypass login)
• Commands to extract or modify data

Step 3: {\color{red}Impact on Database Security}
SQL Injection can severely compromise databases by:

• Unauthorized data access (customer records, passwords)
• Data modification or deletion
• Exposure of sensitive information
• Complete database takeover in severe cases

Step 4: {\color{red}Real-World Consequences}
Successful SQLi attacks may lead to:

• Financial loss and legal issues
• Data breaches and privacy violations
• Loss of user trust and reputation damage

Step 5: {\color{red}Prevention Measures}
To prevent SQL Injection:

• Use parameterized queries (prepared statements)
• Validate and sanitize user inputs
• Apply least-privilege database access