Steven Pinker's new book, "Rationality: What It Is, Why It Seems Scarce, Why It Matters," offers a pragmatic dose of measured optimism, presenting rationality as a fragile but achievable ideal in personal and civic life. ... Pinker's ambition to illuminate such a crucial topic offers the welcome prospect of a return to sanity. ... It's no small achievement to make formal logic, game theory, statistics and Bayesian reasoning delightful topics full of charm and relevance.
It's also plausible to believe that a wider application of the rational tools he analyzes would improve the world in important ways. His primer on statistics and scientific uncertainty is particularly timely and should be required reading before consuming any news about the [COVID] pandemic. More broadly, he argues that less media coverage of shocking but vanishingly rare events, from shark attacks to adverse vaccine reactions, would help prevent dangerous overreactions, fatalism and the diversion of finite resources away from solvable but less-dramatic issues, like malnutrition in the developing world.
It's a reasonable critique, and Pinker is not the first to make it. But analyzing the political economy of journalism - its funding structures, ownership concentration and increasing reliance on social media shares - would have given a fuller picture of why so much coverage is so misguided and what we might do about it.
Pinker's main focus is the sort of conscious, sequential reasoning that can track the steps in a geometric proof or an argument in formal logic. Skill in this domain maps directly onto the navigation of many real-world problems, and Pinker shows how greater mastery of the tools of rationality can improve decision-making in medical, legal, financial and many other contexts in which we must act on uncertain and shifting information. ..
Despite the undeniable power of the sort of rationality he describes, many of the deepest insights in the history of science, math, music and art strike their originators in moments of epiphany. From the th 19 -century chemist Friedrich August Kekulés discovery of the structure of benzene to any of Mozart's symphonies, much extraordinary human achievement is not a product of conscious, sequential reasoning. Even Plato's Socrates - who anticipated many of Pinker's points by nearly 2,500 years, showing the virtue of knowing what you do not know and examining all premises in arguments, not simply trusting speakers' authority or charisma - attributed many of his most profound insights to dreams and visions. Conscious reasoning is helpful in sorting the wheat from the chaff, but it would be interesting to consider the hidden aquifers that make much of the grain grow in the first place.
The role of moral and ethical education in promoting rational behavior is also underexplored. Pinker recognizes that rationality "is not just a cognitive virtue but a moral one." But this profoundly important point, one subtly explor
The author refers to the ancient Greek philosophers to:
- highlight the influence of their thinking on the development of Pinker's arguments.
- show how dreams and visions have for centuries influenced subconscious behaviour and pathbreaking inventions.
- reveal gaps in Pinker's discussion of the importance of ethical considerations in rational behaviour.
- indicate the various similarities between their thinking and Pinker's conclusions.
The Correct Option is C
Solution and Explanation
In the passage, the author observes that Pinker acknowledges rationality as being both "a cognitive and moral virtue." Nevertheless, the author highlights that Pinker's book does not extensively delve into this "profoundly important" association between rationality and morality. By referencing the ancient Greek philosophers who, as per the text, subtly investigated the correlation between moral character and rationality, the author suggests that Pinker's work could gain from a deeper examination of the ethical aspect of rational conduct. Option (C) aptly conveys this notion, as none of the other options accurately encapsulate the intention behind mentioning the Greek philosophers.
So, the correct option is (C): reveal gaps in Pinker's discussion of the importance of ethical considerations in rational behaviour.
The author mentions Kekules discovery of the structure of benzene and Mozart's symphonies to illustrate the point that:
- Pinker's conclusions on sequential reasoning are belied by European achievements which, in the past, were more rooted in unconscious bursts of genius.
- unlike the sciences, human achievements in other fields are a mix of logical reasoning and spontaneous epiphanies.
- it is not just the creative arts, but also scientific fields that have benefitted from flashes of creativity.
- great innovations across various fields can stem from flashes of intuition and are not always propelled by logical thinking.
The Correct Option is D
Solution and Explanation
In the case of Kekule, the revelation of the benzene structure reportedly occurred to him in a dream, demonstrating how creative insights can emerge unexpectedly and unconsciously. Similarly, Mozart's symphonies, revered as masterpieces of classical music, are often regarded as manifestations of his musical genius and creative intuition. These examples bolster the notion that groundbreaking achievements in both scientific and artistic realms may involve moments of inspiration, intuition, or epiphany, challenging the notion that all significant accomplishments stem solely from conscious and sequential reasoning. This underscores the broader point that while conscious reasoning is valuable, subconscious and intuitive processes also play a role in generating innovative ideas and creations.
So, the correct option is (D): great innovations across various fields can stem from flashes of intuition and are not always propelled by logical thinking.
The author endorses Pinker's views on the importance of logical reasoning as it:
- provides a moral compass for resolving important ethical dilemmas.
- equips people with the ability to tackle challenging practical problems.
- focuses public attention on real issues like development rather than sensational events.
- helps people to gain expertise in statistics and other scientific disciplines.
The Correct Option is B
Solution and Explanation
The passage underscores Pinker's emphasis on sequential reasoning and the tools of rationality, suggesting that mastering these tools can enhance decision-making in various practical scenarios where individuals must navigate "uncertain and shifting information." The author's endorsement or support for Pinker's work revolves around the concept that logical reasoning "equips people with the ability to tackle challenging practical problems" [Option B].
Option A is inaccurate - although the author acknowledges Pinker's perspective on rationality as a moral virtue, they note that Pinker's exploration of the role of moral and ethical education is lacking.
Option C focuses on a specific application of Pinker's views and fails to capture the broader message.
Option D similarly confines the discussion to the broader utility of rationality in decision-making.
So, the correct option is (B): equips people with the ability to tackle challenging practical problems.
According to the author, for Pinker as well as the ancient Greek philosophers, rational thinking involves all of the following EXCEPT:
- arriving at independent conclusions irrespective of who is presenting the argument.
- the belief that the ability to reason logically encompasses an ethical and moral dimension.
- the primacy of conscious sequential reasoning as the basis for seminal human achievements.
- an awareness of underlying assumptions in an argument and gaps in one's own knowledge.
The Correct Option is C
Solution and Explanation
According to the discussion, the option not aligned with Pinker's perspective on rational thinking (and that of the ancient Greek philosophers) is Option C. The passage implies that while sequential reasoning holds value, many significant human breakthroughs stem from moments of epiphany or insight rather than solely from conscious, sequential reasoning.
In line with this notion, it is suggested that an emphasis on rational thought includes acknowledging the gaps in one's own knowledge [Option D] and "arriving at independent conclusions" [Option A]. As evidenced by the passage's reference to Plato's Socrates, who prefigured many of Pinker's arguments by almost 2,500 years, rational thinking involves recognizing one's limitations and thoroughly examining all premises in arguments rather than merely relying on speakers' authority or charisma.
Towards the passage's conclusion, it is mentioned that there exists an ethical and moral aspect [Option B] to rationality, which Pinker acknowledges but does not delve into extensively.
Therefore, Option C is the correct choice, as it does not align with Pinker's view on rational thinking as discussed in the passage.
Top Questions on Reading Comprehension
“Why do they pull down and do away with crooked streets, I wonder, which are my delight, and hurt no man living? Every day the wealthier nations are pulling down one or another in their capitals and their great towns: they do not know why they do it; neither do I. It ought to be enough, surely, to drive the great broad ways which commerce needs and which are the life-channels of a modern city, without destroying all history and all the humanity in between: the islands of the past.” (From Hilaire Belloc’s “The Crooked Streets”)
Based only on the information provided in the above passage, which one of the following statements is true?
- GATE CE - 2025
- General Aptitude
- Reading Comprehension
- “His life was divided between the books, his friends, and long walks. A solitary man, he worked at all hours without much method, and probably courted his fatal illness in this way. To his own name there is not much to show; but such was his liberality that he was continually helping others, and fruits of his erudition are widely scattered, and have gone to increase many a comparative stranger’s reputation.”
(From E.V. Lucas’s “A Funeral”)
Based only on the information provided in the above passage, which one of the following statements is true?- GATE CE - 2025
- General Aptitude
- Reading Comprehension
- Read the excerpt from a Handicrafts Manual: ‘Advanced Knitting Techniques’ and answer the following questions by choosing the most appropriate answer.
THE FAIR ISLE METHOD: Fair Isle knitting is a traditional technique that involves using two or more colours of yarn in a single row to create intricate patterns and designs. This method requires careful tension management to ensure even stitches and prevent puckering. To begin, select your colours and cast on the desired number of stitches. As you knit, alternate between colours every few stitches, carrying the unused yarn along the back of the work. Mastering the Fair Isle technique allows you to create stunning visual effects in garments, accessories, and home textiles.
THE CONTINENTAL STYLE: The Continental knitting style, often referred to as “picking,” involves holding the yarn in the left hand while the right hand manipulates the needles. This method allows for greater speed and efficiency, particularly when working with complex patterns or multiple colours. To practice this style, start by casting on your stitches and using your left hand to tension the yarn. With each stitch, simply “pick” the yarn with your right needle, forming a quick and fluid motion. As you become comfortable with this technique, you may find that your overall knitting speed and comfort improve significantly.
THE SHORT-ROW TECHNIQUE: Short-row knitting is an advanced technique that allows for the creation of shaped garments, such as sleeves and shoulders, without the need for complex shaping. To make a sleeve using this technique, begin by casting on the required number of stitches. Work a portion of the row, then turn your work and return without completing the full row to create the “short rows” that shape the curves of the sleeve. To prevent holes at the turn, wrap the stitch before you turn your work. Repeat this process as needed to achieve the desired shaping and dimension of the sleeve. Once you have shaped the sleeve, you can then sew the side seams to connect the pieces of your garment and finally, complete the edges to ensure a clean finish. This method not only helps shape curves but also adds dimension to your piece, allowing you to enhance fit and style.- AILET BALLB (Hons.) - 2025
- English
- Reading Comprehension
- Read the following passage and answer the following questions by choosing the most appropriate answer.
The Story of Coffee
Coffee, a beloved beverage enjoyed by millions around the globe, has a rich and captivating history that spans centuries. The story of coffee begins in the ancient highlands of Ethiopia, where, according to legend, a goat herder named Kaldi discovered the stimulating effects of coffee beans. One day, Kaldi noticed his goats frolicking with unusual energy after eating red berries from a certain tree. Curious, he tried the berries himself and experienced a newfound alertness. This discovery soon spread to monasteries, where monks used it to stay awake during long hours of prayer. From Ethiopia, coffee cultivation and consumption spread to the Arabian Peninsula, particularly in Yemen, where the practice of roasting coffee beans and brewing the drink began to take shape. By the 15th century, coffee had become a popular beverage in the Islamic world, with coffee houses known as ‘qahveh khaneh’ emerging as social hubs for conversation, music, and intellectual exchange. These coffee houses became centers of culture and commerce, influencing the spread of coffee to Turkey and beyond, eventually reaching Europe. In Europe, coffee initially faced resistance from religious authorities who considered it a ‘Muslim drink’ and tried to ban it. However, its popularity persisted, and by the 17th century, coffee houses had sprung up in major European cities, becoming important gathering places for artists, writers, and thinkers. The stimulating effects of coffee were embraced during the Age of Enlightenment, where it was seen as a catalyst for intellectual discussion and innovation. The journey of coffee continued with the establishment of colonial plantations in tropical regions such as the Caribbean, Central and South America, and Southeast Asia. These plantations fuelled the global demand for coffee, transforming it from a regional specialty to a major commodity. The industrial revolution further accelerated coffee production and consumption, leading to innovations in coffee brewing methods and the development of instant coffee. In the modern era, coffee has evolved into a deeply ingrained part of daily life for people worldwide. Its cultural significance spans from the bustling cafes of Paris to the quiet coffee farms of Colombia. Today, coffee remains not only a popular beverage but also a symbol of social interaction, productivity, and enjoyment. Whether sipped slowly over a conversation with friends or grabbed hastily on the way to work, the story of coffee continues to unfold, intertwining with the histories and cultures of countless societies across the globe.- AILET BALLB (Hons.) - 2025
- English
- Reading Comprehension
- Read the following passage and answer the following questions by choosing the most appropriate answer.
The intricate world of modern manufacturing is a web of precision and innovation, where even the tiniest components play a pivotal role. One such element, often overlooked but crucial, is the sub-subpart. Whether it’s a carpenter fashioning a bespoke piece of furniture or an automobile engineer designing the next generation of vehicles, the creation of sub-subparts is a fundamental process that demands meticulous craftsmanship and cutting-edge technology. In the realm of woodworking, carpenters frequently work with sub-subparts like dowels, screws, and hinges. These minute components may appear insignificant, yet they determine the structural integrity and functionality of the final product. Crafting a dowel, for instance, begins with selecting the appropriate wood species, followed by precision cutting and shaping. The result is a perfectly cylindrical, sturdy sub-subpart that seamlessly joins two larger pieces of wood. The advent of computer-aided design (CAD) and computer numerical control (CNC) machines has revolutionised this process, enabling carpenters to create sub-subparts with unparalleled precision.
Similarly, in the automobile industry, sub-subparts are the unsung heroes of vehicle construction. Take, for instance, the ball bearing—a minuscule but essential component in the wheels and transmission system. Manufacturing these precision-engineered spheres involves intricate processes like forging, heat treatment, and precision machining. Modern techniques such as laser cutting and 3D printing have streamlined production, ensuring that these sub-subparts meet the demanding standards of the automotive sector. The manufacturing of sub-subparts is a testament to the convergence of traditional craftsmanship and cutting-edge technology. Whether it’s a carpenter’s workshop or a high-tech automotive assembly line, the quest for perfection in sub-subpart creation remains unwavering. The attention to detail and precision required in these processes is a testament to the dedication of craftsmen and engineers alike.
To conclude, while sub-subparts may be small in size, their significance in various industries cannot be overstated. Whether it’s a carpenter working on a timeless piece of furniture or an automotive engineer striving for superior performance, the manufacturing of sub-subparts is a crucial step towards achieving excellence in craftsmanship and technology. This fusion of tradition and innovation accentuates the essence of modern manufacturing.- AILET BALLB (Hons.) - 2025
- English
- Reading Comprehension
Questions Asked in CAT exam
- For any natural Number 'n', let an be the largest number not exceeding \(\sqrt{n}\) , then a1 + a2 + a3... +a50 =
- CAT - 2024
- Number Systems
- The number of all positive integers up to 500 with non-repeating digits is
- CAT - 2024
- Number Systems
- The sum of all real values of $k$ for which $(\frac{1}{8})^k \times (\frac{1}{32768})^{\frac{4}{3}} = \frac{1}{8} \times (\frac{1}{32768})^{\frac{k}{3}}$ is
- CAT - 2024
- Logarithms
- When $10^{100}$ is divided by 7, the remainder is ?
- CAT - 2024
- Basics of Numbers
- In September, the incomes of \(K\), \(A\), and \(V\) are in the ratio \(8:6:5\). They rent a house, contributing \(15\%\), \(12\%\), and \(18\%\) of their respective incomes. In October, the rent remains the same, but the salaries of \(K\), \(A\), and \(V\) increase by \(10\%\), \(12\%\), and \(15\%\), respectively. What percentage of their total income is paid as house rent in October? (Round to the nearest percentage.)
- CAT - 2024
- Percentages