Productivity measures energy flow in an ecosystem; NPP = GPP - energy used in respiration.
Productivity in an ecosystem refers to the rate of biomass production by producers through photosynthesis. It includes:
Two important characteristics for estimating any population of animals and plants are \(\underline{\hspace{2cm}}\) and \(\underline{\hspace{2cm}}\) of individuals.
Demography is the study of factors that affect \(\underline{\hspace{2cm}}\) and \(\underline{\hspace{2cm}}\) patterns.