Question

Classify diabetic retinopathy.

Hint:

Diabetic retinopathy progresses from NPDR to PDR. Early detection and monitoring are crucial to prevent vision-threatening complications.

Answer 1

Step 1: Classification of Diabetic Retinopathy.
Diabetic retinopathy is classified into two main categories: non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). The classification is based on the severity and stage of the disease.
(1) Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (NPDR):
- Early stage of diabetic retinopathy where changes in the retinal vasculature are observed, but there is no new blood vessel growth.
- It is further subdivided into: - Mild NPDR: Presence of microaneurysms without other retinal changes. - Moderate NPDR: Presence of microaneurysms, hard exudates, and retinal hemorrhages, with some loss of retinal capillary integrity. - Severe NPDR: Extensive retinal hemorrhages, cotton wool spots, and venous beading, suggesting near-term risk of progression to PDR.
(2) Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR):
- The more advanced stage of diabetic retinopathy characterized by the growth of new abnormal blood vessels (neovascularization) in the retina and optic disc. These fragile blood vessels are prone to leakage, leading to hemorrhages and scarring.
- The new vessels may cause vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment, and significant vision loss if left untreated.