Forensic comparison distinguishes between class and individual characteristics.
- Class characteristics are features shared by a group of items (e.g., all Nike Air Force 1, size 10).
- Individual characteristics are unique features resulting from use, wear, or damage.
Step 1: Classify each character.
A. Imbedded material: A pebble or piece of glass stuck in the sole is a random, unique event. This is an individual characteristic.
B. Wear pattern: The way a shoe wears down is specific to the gait and habits of the person wearing it. This is an individual characteristic.
C. Design: The tread pattern is a feature of the manufacturing process, shared by all shoes of that model and size. This is a class characteristic.
D. Sole material: The type of rubber or plastic used is a manufacturing feature. This is a class characteristic.
E. Imperfections: Nicks, cuts, and scratches on the sole are random and accidental. This is an individual characteristic.
Conclusion: The individual characteristics are A, B, and E.