Question

Causes of Paroxysmal Sympathetic Hyperactivity.

Hint:

PSH is most commonly associated with neurological injuries, but it can also be triggered by infections, strokes, or external stimuli such as stress or pain.

Answer 1

Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) is a syndrome characterized by episodes of excessive sympathetic nervous system activation. These episodes can result in hypertension, tachycardia, sweating, and agitation, and they typically occur in response to noxious stimuli.
Step 1: Causes of Paroxysmal Sympathetic Hyperactivity:
1. Neurological Injury: PSH can be triggered by traumatic brain injuries, particularly those affecting the brainstem or hypothalamus, which are involved in autonomic regulation.
2. Infections: Severe infections such as meningitis or encephalitis may also lead to PSH due to inflammation in the brain.
3. Stroke: Strokes, especially those affecting the brainstem or upper cervical spinal cord, are a common cause of PSH.
4. Toxins or Medications: Certain drugs, such as sympathomimetics (e.g., amphetamines), and toxins can overstimulate the sympathetic nervous system.
5. Severe Pain or Stress: Any form of severe stress, physical trauma, or pain can provoke a sympathetic response, especially in patients with predisposing conditions.