Step 1: Understanding NDVI values. - NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) is calculated using red and near-infrared (NIR) reflectance:
\[NDVI = \frac{(NIR - Red)}{(NIR + Red)}\]
- NDVI values range from -1 to +1: - Dense vegetation: \( 0.6 - 1.0 \) - Sparse vegetation: \( 0.2 - 0.5 \) - Barren surfaces (rocks, sand, urban areas): \( 0.1 \) or less - Water bodies: Negative values
Step 2: Explanation of incorrect options. - 0.4 or less b.: Includes areas with sparse vegetation. - 0.1 or more c.: Includes vegetation, which is incorrect for barren rock. - 0.4 or more d.: Represents healthy vegetation, not barren land.
Step 3: Selecting the correct option. Since barren rock has an NDVI of 0.1 or less, the correct answer is a. 0.1 or less.
A closed-loop system has the characteristic equation given by: $ s^3 + k s^2 + (k+2) s + 3 = 0 $.
For the system to be stable, the value of $ k $ is:
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Choose the minimum number of op-amps required to implement the given expression. $ V_o = \left[ 1 + \frac{R_2}{R_1} \right] V_1 - \frac{R_2}{R_1} V_2 $