Question:

Alpine forests consist of dwarf shrubs mainly of junipers, silver firs and rhododendrons. Alpine forests occur in the Himalayas above the altitude of 3500 metres.

Updated On: Jul 28, 2022

If both Assertion and Reason are true and the Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion
If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not a correct explanation of the Assertion
If Assertion is true but the Reason is false
If both Assertion and Reason are false

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The Correct Option is B

Solution and Explanation

Alpine tundra is the highest altitudinal biome which occurs near the top of very high mountains having permanent snow i.e. at the height to approximate 3500 metres, e.g. in Himalayas "alpine tundra" vegetation is found. It is a treeless region and lies above the timber line. Trees of lower region becomes tiny shrubs in this area (e.g. Rhododendron, Juniperus, Abies). Other constituents of alpine tundra are lichens, mosses, grasses, herbs and small shrubs like Artemesia, Arenaria, Primula and Anemone.

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Concepts Used:

Ecological Succession

Ecological succession is the steady and moderate change in a species of a given area with respect to the changing environment. Our nature consists of both biotic and abiotic factors. When these biotic and abiotic factors interact with each other to develop natural communities they give rise to such successions.

Ecological Succession:

When land is left on its own for years, it starts being occupied by microorganisms followed by wild shrubs and other large plants, which gives rise to a new ecosystem. The series of stages is quite predictable and inescapable. In order to understand the primary and secondary succession, we need to be very much clear about what ecological succession is as they are its types. This succession mainly focuses to bring about equilibrium in the ecosystem. When the target is achieved, it is called a climax community.

The number of species to survive is then decided based on achieving the equilibrium. In a community, these changes happen in a sequence, and such a community is known as a seral community which further is an intermediate stage of ecological succession advancing towards the climax community. All the succession begins with an instigating species. The instigate species or the first species build an initial biological community that is simpler in form. The initiation of this ecological succession separates it into the following three types –

Primary succession
Secondary succession
Cyclic Succession

Column I		Column II
1.	Calotropis	p.	Invertebrates
2.	Pisaster	q.	Distasteful
3.	Monarch butterfly	r.	Cryptically coloured
4.	Frogs	s.	Cardioglycoside