Question

The author identifies three essential factors according to which theories of aggression are most commonly categorised. Which of the following options is closest to the factors identified by the author?

• A. Psychologically – Sociologically – Medically.
• B. Aggressor – Circumstances of aggression – Victim.
• C. Extreme – Moderate – Mild.
• D. Hostile – Instrumental – Hormonal.
• A. men in general are believed to be more hormonally driven to exhibit violence than women.
• B. several studies indicate that aggression may have roots in the biological condition of humanity.
• C. the nature of aggression can vary depending on several factors, including intent.
• D. aggression in most societies is kept under control through moderating the death instinct identified by Freud.
• A. the Freudian theory of suicide as self-inflicted aggression implies that an aggressive act need not be sought to be avoided in order for it to be considered aggression.
• B. a common theory of aggression is that it is the result of an abnormally low neural regulation of testosterone.
• C. if the alleged aggressive act is not sought to be avoided, it cannot really be considered aggression.
• D. Freud’s theory of aggression proposes that aggression results from the suppression of aggressive urges.
• A. Information revealed by subjecting an enemy combatant to torture is not always reliable because of the animosity involved.
• B. When an enemy combatant refuses to reveal information, the use of torture can sometimes involve real feelings of hostility.
• C. In certain kinds of aggression, inflicting pain is not the objective, and is no more than a utilitarian means to achieve another end.
• D. The use of torture to extract information is most effective when the torturer is not emotionally involved in the torture.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is B

Option B can be readily deduced from the concluding lines of the initial paragraph. The rest of the options are unrelated to the context.

So, the correct answer is (B): Aggressor – Circumstances of aggression – Victim.

Answer 2

Option D presents a twisted interpretation. It misrepresents the content provided in the passage. While the passage discusses Freud's identification of the death instinct, it does not delve into the concept of moderating it or controlling resulting aggression.
Therefore, this option is entirely irrelevant and inaccurate.

So, the correct option is (D): aggression in most societies is kept under control through moderating the death instinct identified by Freud.

Answer 3

Consider the final paragraph of the passage, which suggests that some influential viewpoints argue for a biological foundation for aggression, proposing that humans evolved with a notably diminished neural inhibition of aggressive instincts.
In contrast, the second option incorrectly discusses the neural regulation of testosterone. Therefore, this option is deemed as the correct answer.

So, The correct answer is (B): a common theory of aggression is that it is the result of an abnormally low neural regulation of testosterone.

Answer 4

Let's examine the options individually.
Option A presents a distorted view. The sentence does not pertain to the reliability of the information but rather focuses on inherent aggression.
Option B is also inaccurate. The passage does not mention anything regarding the scenario where the enemy refuses to reveal information, making this option irrelevant.
Option C, however, accurately captures the essence of the passage. It highlights that sometimes the aggressor does not intend to cause pain but uses it as a means to achieve a utilitarian end. Hence, this is the correct option.
Option D, is also incorrect. The passage does not discuss the most effective method to extract information.

The correct answer is (C): In certain kinds of aggression, inflicting pain is not the objective, and is no more than a utilitarian means to achieve another end.