Option B can be readily deduced from the concluding lines of the initial paragraph. The rest of the options are unrelated to the context.
So, the correct answer is (B): Aggressor – Circumstances of aggression – Victim.
Option D presents a twisted interpretation. It misrepresents the content provided in the passage. While the passage discusses Freud's identification of the death instinct, it does not delve into the concept of moderating it or controlling resulting aggression.
Therefore, this option is entirely irrelevant and inaccurate.
So, the correct option is (D): aggression in most societies is kept under control through moderating the death instinct identified by Freud.
Consider the final paragraph of the passage, which suggests that some influential viewpoints argue for a biological foundation for aggression, proposing that humans evolved with a notably diminished neural inhibition of aggressive instincts.
In contrast, the second option incorrectly discusses the neural regulation of testosterone. Therefore, this option is deemed as the correct answer.
So, The correct answer is (B): a common theory of aggression is that it is the result of an abnormally low neural regulation of testosterone.
Let's examine the options individually.
Option A presents a distorted view. The sentence does not pertain to the reliability of the information but rather focuses on inherent aggression.
Option B is also inaccurate. The passage does not mention anything regarding the scenario where the enemy refuses to reveal information, making this option irrelevant.
Option C, however, accurately captures the essence of the passage. It highlights that sometimes the aggressor does not intend to cause pain but uses it as a means to achieve a utilitarian end. Hence, this is the correct option.
Option D, is also incorrect. The passage does not discuss the most effective method to extract information.
The correct answer is (C): In certain kinds of aggression, inflicting pain is not the objective, and is no more than a utilitarian means to achieve another end.
“Why do they pull down and do away with crooked streets, I wonder, which are my delight, and hurt no man living? Every day the wealthier nations are pulling down one or another in their capitals and their great towns: they do not know why they do it; neither do I. It ought to be enough, surely, to drive the great broad ways which commerce needs and which are the life-channels of a modern city, without destroying all history and all the humanity in between: the islands of the past.” (From Hilaire Belloc’s “The Crooked Streets”)
Based only on the information provided in the above passage, which one of the following statements is true?