Question

According to Montreal Protocol, which is not the key aspect of the international cooperation?

• A. Technology transfer
• B. Financial assistance
• C. Emission trading
• D. Capacity building

Hint:

• The Montreal Protocol fosters international cooperation through:
  • Financial mechanisms (Multilateral Fund) to assist developing countries.
  • Technology transfer of ODS alternatives.
  • Capacity building activities (training, institutional strengthening).
  • Data reporting, scientific assessments, and non-compliance procedures.
• Emission trading is a market mechanism primarily associated with greenhouse gas reduction (e.g., Kyoto Protocol), not the Montreal Protocol's approach to ODS phase-out.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is C

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances responsible for ozone depletion. Key aspects of international cooperation under the Montreal Protocol include:

• Technology Transfer (option a): The Protocol encourages and facilitates the transfer of technologies for alternatives to ozone-depleting substances (ODS) and for ODS phase-out, particularly to developing countries (Article 5 countries).
• Financial Assistance (option b): The Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol was established to provide financial assistance to developing countries to help them meet their ODS phase-out obligations. This includes funding for projects related to technology conversion, institutional strengthening, and training.
• Capacity Building (option d): The Protocol supports activities aimed at strengthening the capacity of developing countries to implement its provisions. This includes training, workshops, information exchange, and institutional support (e.g., for National Ozone Units).
• Reporting and Monitoring: Countries are required to report data on their production, import, and export of ODS.
• Scientific and Technical Assessments: Regular assessments are conducted by expert panels to review the science of ozone depletion, the status of alternative technologies, and the effectiveness of the Protocol.

Emission Trading (option c) is a market-based mechanism used primarily to control greenhouse gas emissions under climate change agreements (like the Kyoto Protocol and some regional schemes). It involves setting a cap on total emissions and allowing entities to trade emission permits or allowances. Emission trading is not a key feature or mechanism of the Montreal Protocol, which focuses on phase-out schedules for specific substances rather than trading emission rights for ODS. While there might be some flexibility in production rationalization between companies or countries, a formal cap-and-trade system for ODS emissions is not its central cooperative mechanism. \[ \boxed{\text{Emission trading}} \]