Question

(a) Explain the main characteristics of the Lingayat tradition during Medieval India.

Hint:

For questions on religious traditions, focus on their philosophy, practices, and social impact.

Answer 1

The Lingayat tradition, initiated by Basavanna in the 12th century, emerged as a significant socio-religious movement in Karnataka. It was based on devotion to Lord Shiva as the supreme deity, rejecting Brahminical dominance and rituals.
- Equality and Social Reform: The Lingayats rejected caste hierarchies, idol worship, and Vedic rituals. They promoted social equality, opposing practices like child marriage and the caste system.
- Philosophy: Their philosophy emphasized the concept of “Ishtalinga,” a personal symbol of Shiva worn by devotees, signifying direct communion with God without intermediaries.
- Religious Practices: Lingayats practiced simple worship, focusing on devotion (bhakti) and ethical living. They encouraged the upliftment of marginalized sections of society.
- Vachanas: The Lingayat saints composed vachanas, simple Kannada poems that spread their teachings and emphasized devotion, morality, and social reform.
- Rejection of Rituals: They rejected practices like idol worship, sacrificial offerings, and pilgrimages, emphasizing inner purity and spiritual connection.
- Role of Women: Women played an active role in the Lingayat tradition. Akkamahadevi, a prominent poet-saint, is celebrated for her vachanas and devotion to Shiva.
The Lingayat tradition challenged orthodox practices and brought social transformation in Medieval India, making it one of the most reformist movements of its time. Its teachings continue to influence society in Karnataka and other regions.