Figure 1 shows the configuration of main scale and Vernier scale before measurement. Fig. 2 shows the configuration corresponding to the measurement of diameter $ D $ of a tube. The measured value of $ D $ is:
Lenses that are made by combining two spherical transparent surfaces are called spherical lenses. In general, there are two kinds of spherical lenses. Lenses that are made by joining two spherical surfaces that bulge outward are convex lenses, whereas lenses that are made by joining two spherical surfaces that curve inward are concave lenses.