Question

A 45-year-old man is coming to the OPD with complaints of swelling in the right leg.
What are the clinical features and risk factors for deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

Hint:

For DVT, always consider both the clinical symptoms (swelling, tenderness) and risk factors (recent surgery, immobility, cancer). Early detection and treatment can prevent severe complications.

Answer 1

Step 1: Understanding Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT).
DVT is a condition where a blood clot forms in one of the deep veins of the body, most commonly in the legs. The blood clot can cause serious complications, including pulmonary embolism, if it dislodges and travels to the lungs.

Step 2: Clinical Features of DVT.
The primary clinical features of DVT include:
- Swelling: The most common symptom, usually affecting one leg. The swelling often develops gradually.
- Warmth: The skin over the affected area may feel warm to the touch.
- Tenderness: The affected leg may be painful or tender, particularly when touched or when walking.
- Redness: In some cases, the skin may appear red or have a bluish tint due to poor circulation.

Step 3: Risk Factors for DVT.
DVT can occur due to a combination of risk factors, including:
- Prolonged Bed Rest: This occurs after surgery, injury, or during long hospital stays. Reduced movement increases the risk of blood clot formation.
- Recent Surgery: Particularly surgeries involving the lower limbs (e.g., hip or knee replacement), as these increase the risk of clot formation due to immobility and blood vessel injury.
- Cancer: Certain types of cancer (especially pelvic or abdominal) increase the risk of clotting due to the presence of clotting factors released by the tumor.
- Other Factors: These include obesity, smoking, older age, pregnancy, use of oral contraceptives, and a family history of clotting disorders.

Step 4: Conclusion.
DVT is a potentially serious condition, and its early detection is critical for preventing complications. The most common clinical features are swelling, warmth, and tenderness, and risk factors include prolonged bed rest, recent surgery, and cancer. Immediate attention to these symptoms is essential to reduce the risk of further complications.