List of top Sensors and Industrial Instrumentation Questions asked in GATE IN

A car is moving collinearly with a laser beam emitted by a transceiver. A laser pulse emitted at \( t = 0 \) s is received back by the transceiver 100 ns (nanoseconds) later after reflection from the car. A second pulse emitted at \( t = 0.1 \) s is received back 90 ns later. Given the speed of light is \( 3 \times 10^8 \) m/s, the average speed of the car in this interval is _________
A Hall sensor is based on the principle of _________
A pneumatic nozzle-flapper system is conventionally used to convert _________

A J-type thermocouple has an output voltage \( V_\theta = (13650 + 50 \theta_x) \, \mu \text{V} \), where \( \theta_x \) is the junction temperature in Celsius (°C). The thermocouple is used with reference junction compensation, as shown in the figure. The instrumentation amplifier used has a gain \( G = 20 \). If \( \theta_\text{Ref} = 1 \, \degree \text{C} \), for an input \( \theta_x = 100 \, \degree \text{C} \), the output \( V_o \) of the instrumentation amplifier in millivolt is

For the full bridge made of linear strain gauges with gage factor 2 as shown in the diagram, \( R_1 = R_2 = R_3 = R_4 = 100 \, \Omega \) at 0°C and strain is 0. The temperature coefficient of resistance of the strain gauges used is 0.005 per °C. All strain gauges are made of the same material and exposed to the same temperature. While measuring a strain of 0.01 at a temperature of 50°C, the output \( V_o \) in millivolt is \(\underline{\hspace{1cm}}\) (rounded off to two decimal places). 
 

A piezoresistive pressure sensor has a sensitivity of 1 (mV/V)/kPa. The sensor is excited with a dc supply of 10 V and the output is read using a 3 ½ digit 200 mV full-scale digital multimeter. The resolution of the measurement set-up, in pascal is \(\underline{\hspace{2cm}}\).
Given: Density of mercury is 13,600 kg/m\(^3\) and acceleration due to gravity is 9.81 m/s\(^2\). Atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa. In a mercury U-tube manometer, the difference between the heights of the liquid in the U-tube is 1 cm. The differential pressure being measured in pascal is \(\underline{\hspace{2cm}}\) (rounded off to the nearest integer).
A strain gage having nominal resistance of 1000 \( \Omega \) has a gage factor of 2.5. If the strain applied to the gage is 100 \( \mu \)m/m, its resistance in ohm will change to \(\underline{\hspace{2cm}}\) (rounded off to two decimal places).
Input-output characteristic of a temperature sensor is exponential for a