Question

Write a short essay on the merger of princely states in India.

Hint:

The integration of princely states was vital for India’s unity. Patel’s diplomacy and firmness earned him the title “Iron Man of India.”

Answer 1

1. Background:
At the time of independence in 1947, India was divided into two categories: British India and 562 princely states, which were semi-autonomous under British paramountcy. After independence, these states were given the choice to join either India or Pakistan, or remain independent.
2. Role of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel:
- As the first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister of India, Patel played a decisive role in integrating princely states.
- Along with V.P. Menon, he used diplomacy, persuasion, and sometimes military action to bring states into the Indian Union.
- The Instrument of Accession was introduced, through which princely rulers could join India while retaining limited powers.
3. Important Integrations:
1. Junagadh (1947):
A Muslim-ruled state with a Hindu majority wanted to join Pakistan. After public unrest, India intervened, and Junagadh was merged into India.
2. Hyderabad (1948):
The Nizam wanted independence. India launched Operation Polo (Police Action) in 1948, which led to Hyderabad’s integration.
3. Kashmir (1947):
Maharaja Hari Singh initially wanted independence. After invasion by Pakistan-supported tribesmen, he signed the Instrument of Accession, joining India.
4. Goa (1961):
Though under Portuguese control, Goa was liberated by Indian armed forces and merged with India.
5. Sikkim (1975):
Initially a protectorate, Sikkim was integrated into India through a referendum in 1975.
4. Consequences:
- The successful integration of princely states ensured the unity and territorial integrity of India.
- It prevented balkanization (division) of India into small independent kingdoms.
- It strengthened India’s federal structure and created a sense of national unity.
Conclusion:
The merger of princely states was one of the most remarkable achievements of post-independence India. It showcased Patel’s statesmanship and determination, laying the foundation of a strong and united Indian nation.