Question

Why were the intellectuals in India restless and embittered?

Hint:

Freedom without moral responsibility leads to disillusionment — this is what Radhakrishnan warned against.

Answer 1

Step 1: Understanding the Context.
This question refers to the essay “India in the 20th Century” by Dr. S. Radhakrishnan. The essay explores the state of Indian society and its intellectuals after independence.
Step 2: Explanation.
Indian intellectuals were restless and embittered because they witnessed widespread corruption, inequality, and moral decline in society. Although India had gained political freedom, the expected social and ethical progress was missing. The educated class felt frustrated seeing selfishness, greed, and loss of moral values dominate public life.
Step 3: Emotional and Social Perspective.
They had dreamed of a nation driven by justice, peace, and enlightenment. However, when these ideals were replaced by personal ambition and political manipulation, it led to disappointment and a sense of disillusionment among thinkers and scholars.
Step 4: Conclusion.
Thus, the intellectuals were restless because their hopes for a morally strong and progressive India were not realized, leaving them embittered and spiritually dissatisfied.