In the context of the question regarding OECD membership, it's essential to identify which countries are part of this intergovernmental economic organization. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) includes many countries that adhere to principles of democracy and a market economy. Let's evaluate the membership status of each provided option:
- Chile: An OECD member since May 2010.
- Turkey: One of the founding members of the OECD, having joined in August 1961.
- Israel: Became a member of the OECD in September 2010.
- Japan: A member since April 1964.
- Taiwan: Not a member of the OECD.
From this comparison, we conclude that the answer is Taiwan, as it is not a member of the OECD.