Question

Which of the following is/are the characteristics of Ecological movements?
I. Identity politics
II. Greater exploitation of natural resources
III. Cultural anxieties
IV. Social inequality

• A. Only I and II
• B. Only II
• C. Only III
• D. I, II, III and IV

Hint:

Ecological movements are not solely about protecting nature; they are also about social justice, cultural identity, and challenging unsustainable economic practices.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is D

Ecological movements are characterized by a complex interplay of factors: 
Identity Politics (I): Many ecological movements are deeply intertwined with identity politics. Indigenous communities, for example, often lead environmental struggles because their livelihoods and cultural identities are directly threatened by deforestation, mining, or dam construction. Their claims to resources and their right to self-determination become central to the movement. 
Resource Exploitation (II): Ecological movements fundamentally challenge the greater exploitation of natural resources. This exploitation, driven by industrialization, consumerism, and often colonial legacies, is seen as the root cause of environmental degradation. Movements aim to limit resource extraction, promote sustainable practices, and challenge the economic systems that prioritize profit over ecological health. 
Cultural Anxieties (III): Cultural anxieties about the loss of traditional ways of life, the disruption of natural rhythms, and the destruction of sacred spaces are frequent motivators in ecological movements. These anxieties can be spiritual, aesthetic, or practical, reflecting concerns about food security, water access, or the health of future generations. 
Social Inequality (IV): Environmental problems disproportionately affect marginalized communities, exacerbating existing social inequalities. Ecological movements often address issues of environmental justice, highlighting how pollution, resource depletion, and climate change impact the poor and vulnerable more severely. This focus on social inequality links environmental concerns to broader struggles for social and economic equity.