Question

Which of the following are included in the concept of “State” under Article 12?

• A. Railway Board and Electricity Board
• B. Judiciary
• C. University
• D. All of the above

Hint:

Article 12 has a wide scope and includes statutory authorities, universities, and even judiciary in administrative capacity.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is D

Step 1: Article 12 scope.
Article 12 defines “State” to include Government, Parliament, State Legislatures, local authorities, and other bodies under government control.
Step 2: Judicial interpretation.
Judgments have clarified that statutory bodies like Railway Board, Electricity Boards, Universities, and even Judiciary (when performing administrative functions) fall under Article 12.
Step 3: Conclusion.
Thus, option (d) All of the above is correct.