Step 1: Understanding the question
The question is asking about the location where India's first helicopter ambulance service was launched.
This service was introduced to provide emergency medical services, especially in remote or difficult-to-reach areas.
Step 2: Identifying the location
India’s first helicopter ambulance service was launched at AIIMS Rishikesh in Uttarakhand.
The service was inaugurated to help in the quicker transportation of patients, especially in mountainous or hard-to-reach areas.
Step 3: Verifying other options
AIIMS New Delhi, Jaipur, and Bilaspur are prominent institutions but were not the locations for the launch of the first helicopter ambulance service in India.
Step 4: Conclusion
The correct location where India’s first helicopter ambulance service was launched is AIIMS Rishikesh.
Step 5: Final Answer
Therefore, the correct answer is AIIMS Rishikesh, option (3).
Criminology is the scientific and jurisprudential study of crime, criminal behaviour, and the penal response of the state. It operates at the intersection of law, sociology, psychology, and public policy. Its foundational principle is nullum crimen sine lege, nulla poena sine lege, stressing that there is no crime nor punishment without a pre-existing law. Traditional criminology was shaped by the Classical School, emphasizing free will and rationality. Influenced by Bentham’s utilitarianism, it viewed punishment as a deterrent mechanism, echoing audi alteram partem in demanding procedural fairness. In contrast, the Positivist School, focused on biological, psychological, and sociological causes of criminality, thereby shifting from retributive justice to rehabilitative models.
Modern criminology encompasses diverse domains like victimology, penology, white-collar crime, cybercrime, and transnational offences. The traditional ele ments of crime, mens rea and actus reus remain crucial. However, strict liability offences and corporate crimes often challenge this binary. With the advent of globalization, criminology now interfaces with international criminal law, human rights jurisprudence, and restorative justice. It aims to reintegrate the offender and provide restitution to victims. Furthermore, critical criminology interrogates how law disproportionately penalizes marginalized groups, reflecting concerns of penal populism, mass incarceration, and criminalization of poverty. This evolving discipline critiques not just criminal behaviour but the social construction of de viance itself.