Question

What is the difference between federal and unitary structures in India? Write with examples.

Hint:

In India, the Constitution provides a federal structure, but during emergencies, it takes on unitary features. Understand how federalism works, especially in relation to the Constitution's lists.

Answer 1

India is described as a federal system with certain unitary features. The key differences between federal and unitary structures in India are: 1. Distribution of Powers:
In a federal system, powers are divided between the central government and the state governments. For example, the Indian Constitution lists the Union, State, and Concurrent Lists. In a unitary system, all powers are concentrated in the central government, with state governments having limited powers. 2. Constitutional Authority:
In a federal system, both the central and state governments derive their powers from the Constitution and are autonomous within their respective areas. In a unitary system, the central government holds supreme power, and states are subordinate to it. 3. Amendment Process:
In a federal system, constitutional amendments related to the division of powers between the Centre and States require the consent of the states. In a unitary system, amendments can be made solely by the central government. 4. Emergency Provisions:
India has a system where during emergencies (Article 352, 356, 360), it becomes more unitary. For example, during a National Emergency, the central government gets overriding powers, and states become subservient. Examples:
- Federal Feature: In the Concurrent List (such as education), both the Union and States can legislate. - Unitary Feature: During a National Emergency, the Centre can dissolve state governments and directly control them. Conclusion:
Thus, India has a unique political system, combining both federal and unitary features depending on the situation, often referred to as a "quasi-federal" system.