What are the different oxidation states exhibited by the lanthanoids?
Solution and Explanation
In the lanthanide series, +3 oxidation state is most common i.e., Ln(III) compounds are predominant. However, +2 and +4 oxidation states can also be found in the solution or in solid compounds.
Top Questions on d -and f -Block Elements
- At temperature \(T\) K, \(2\) moles of liquid \(A\) and \(3\) moles of liquid \(B\) are mixed. The vapour pressure of the ideal solution formed is \(320\) mm Hg. At this stage, one mole of \(A\) and one mole of \(B\) are added to the solution. The vapour pressure is now measured as \(328.6\) mm Hg. The vapour pressures (in mm Hg) of pure \(A\) and pure \(B\) respectively are:
- JEE Main - 2026
- Chemistry
- d -and f -Block Elements
- Consider the general reaction given below at 400 K: xA(g) ⇌ yB(g). The values of K___p and K___c are studied under the same condition of temperature but variation in x and y.
(i) K___p = 85.87 and K___c = 2.586
(ii) K___p = 0.862 and K___c = 28.62.
The values of x and y in (i) and (ii) respectively are :- JEE Main - 2026
- Chemistry
- d -and f -Block Elements
- Among the following oxides of 3d elements, the number of mixed oxides are ____________.
\[ \mathrm{Ti_2O_3,\ V_2O_4,\ Cr_2O_3,\ Mn_3O_4,\ Fe_3O_4,\ Fe_2O_3,\ Co_3O_4} \]- JEE Main - 2026
- Chemistry
- d -and f -Block Elements
- Statement-I : Consider the following pairs of ions $(\text{Sc}^{3+}, \text{Ti}^{3+}), (\text{Ti}^{4+}, \text{Ni}^{2+}), (\text{Cu}^{2+}, \text{Zn}^{2+})$ and $(\text{Cr}^{3+}, \text{Mn}^{3+})$. Out of these pairs three pairs consist of ions that are both coloured :
Statement-II : Among the lanthanide ions $\text{Eu}^{2+}$, $\text{Gd}^{3+}$, $\text{Ce}^{4+}$ and $\text{Tb}^{4+}$, the ion $\text{Tb}^{4+}$ is the strongest reducing agent.
Choose the correct option.- JEE Main - 2026
- Chemistry
- d -and f -Block Elements
- Why is the ability of oxygen greater than fluorine to stabilise higher oxidation states of transition metals?
- CBSE CLASS XII - 2025
- Chemistry
- d -and f -Block Elements
Questions Asked in CBSE CLASS XII exam
- If $y = a \cos(\log x) + b \sin(\log x)$, then $x^2y'' + xy'1$ is:
- CBSE CLASS XII - 2025
- Continuity and differentiability
A ladder of fixed length \( h \) is to be placed along the wall such that it is free to move along the height of the wall.
Based upon the above information, answer the following questions:(iii) (b) If the foot of the ladder, whose length is 5 m, is being pulled towards the wall such that the rate of decrease of distance \( y \) is \( 2 \, \text{m/s} \), then at what rate is the height on the wall \( x \) increasing when the foot of the ladder is 3 m away from the wall?
- CBSE CLASS XII - 2025
- Application of derivatives
- A meeting will be held only if all three members A, B and C are present. The probability that member A does not turn up is 0.10, member B does not turn up is 0.20 and member C does not turn up is 0.05. The probability of the meeting being cancelled is:
- CBSE CLASS XII - 2025
- Probability
- Vishesh, Manik and Amit were partners in the ratio 5 : 4 : 1. Amit retired on 31st March, 2024. Vishesh and Manik decided to share Amit’s share in the ratio 2 : 3. What will be the new profit sharing ratio between Vishesh and Manik?
- CBSE CLASS XII - 2025
- Retirement and Death of a Partner
- The electric field in a region is given by \( \vec{E} = 40x \hat{i} \, \text{N/C}. \) Find the amount of work done in taking a unit positive charge from a point (0, 3m) to the point (5m, 0).
- CBSE CLASS XII - 2025
- Electrostatics
Concepts Used:
Lanthanoids
Lanthanoids are at the top of these two-row, while actinoids are at the bottom row.
Properties of Lanthanoids
Lanthanoids are inclusive of 14 elements, with atomic numbers 58-71:
- Cerium - Xe 4f1 5d1 6s2
- Praseodymium - Xe 4f3 6s2
- Neodymium - Xe 4f4 6s2
- Promethium - Xe 4f5 6s2
- Samarium - Xe 4f6 6s2
- Europium - Xe 4f7 6s2
- Gadolinium - Xe 4f7 5d1 6s2
- Terbium - Xe 4f9 6s2
- Dysprosium - Xe 4f10 6s2
- Holmium - Xe 4f11 6s2
- Erbium - Xe 4f12 6s2
- Thulium - Xe 4f13 6s2
- Ytterbium - Xe 4f14 6s2
- Lutetium - Xe 4f14 5d1 6s2
These elements are also called rare earth elements. They are found naturally on the earth, and they're all radioactively stable except promethium, which is radioactive. A trend is one of the interesting properties of the lanthanoid elements, called lanthanide contraction.