Urban gardening has become increasingly popular as a means to address food security, sustainability, and mental well-being in cities. By growing their own fruits, vegetables, and herbs, individuals can reduce their reliance on commercial supply chains that contribute to extensive transportation, energy consumption, and synthetic chemical use. In addition to providing fresh, nutritious food, urban gardening also contributes to environmental sustainability by mitigating urban heat island effects, improving air quality, and managing water runoff. Furthermore, it offers psychological benefits, including reduced stress, improved mood, and a sense of accomplishment. Despite its many benefits, urban gardening faces challenges like space limitations, poor soil quality, and inadequate sunlight, which gardeners overcome using innovative techniques such as vertical farming and hydroponics.
What is the "urban heat island effect" mentioned in the passage?
Show Hint
- The rise in temperature commonly observed in tropical urban locations.
- A condition where urban areas become warmer than rural ones due to human activity.
- The method of using retained heat energy for rooftop gardening in cities.
- The process through which cities generate and utilize renewable heat energy.
The Correct Option is B
Solution and Explanation
- Step 2: Analyzing the options — Option (b)directly describes this phenomenon, where human activity leads to increased warmth in urban areas compared to rural areas.
- Step 3: Conclusion — Option (b)is the correct answer.
Which innovative method mentioned in the passage directly addresses poor soil quality?
Show Hint
- Collecting rainwater through harvesting systems for irrigation
- Installing rooftop gardens with specially designed green covers
- Using compost enrichment to improve the fertility of the soil
- Growing herbs and vegetables in small boxes on window ledges
The Correct Option is C
Solution and Explanation
- Step 2: Analyzing the options — Option (c) directly addresses the use of compost enrichment, which is mentioned as an effective method for improving soil quality.
- Step 3: Conclusion — Option (c) is the correct answer.
Why might urban residents be motivated to cultivate their own food rather than rely solely on commercial sources?
Show Hint
- To decrease expenses related to gardening equipment
- To eliminate the need for home meal preparation
- To obtain fresher produce free from synthetic chemicals
- To outperform grocery retailers in food production
The Correct Option is C
Solution and Explanation
- Step 2: Analyzing the options — Option (c) best aligns with the motivation to grow food free from synthetic chemicals.
- Step 3: Conclusion — Option (c) is the correct answer.
Which of the following best captures the combined ecological significance of urban gardening?
Show Hint
- It lowers city temperatures, filters polluted air, and manages rainwater.
- It reduces transport costs while expanding industrial farm production.
- It prevents further growth of infrastructure and building construction.
- It substitutes completely for natural forests in urban environments.
The Correct Option is A
Solution and Explanation
- Step 2: Analyzing the options — Option (a) best reflects these combined ecological benefits mentioned in the passage.
- Step 3: Conclusion — Option (a) is the correct answer.
Which of the following is NOT identified in the passage as a practical challenge faced by urban gardeners?
Show Hint
- The lack of organized communal support for local gardening efforts
- Inadequate access to direct sunlight in densely built environments
- Spatial constraints that limit the scale of cultivation in cities
- Soil conditions that are unsuitable for traditional planting methods
The Correct Option is A
Solution and Explanation
The passage clearly outlines both the benefits and challenges of urban gardening.
Let’s evaluate each option by matching it with the challenges explicitly mentioned in the passage:
Option (b): Inadequate access to direct sunlight
✔ Mentioned in the passage as “inadequate sunlight.”
Option (c): Spatial constraints
✔ Covered under “space limitations,” which restrict cultivation in cities.
Option (d): Poor soil conditions
✔ Explicitly stated as “poor soil quality,” making this a real challenge.
Option (a): Lack of organized communal support
✖ Not mentioned anywhere in the passage.
The passage focuses on physical and environmental challenges (space, soil, sunlight) and does not discuss social or organizational issues such as community support.
Conclusion:
Since lack of organized communal support is not discussed as a challenge in the passage, option (a) is the correct answer.
The phrase 'symbolic reclamation of space and agency' most appropriately refers to:
Show Hint
- Transforming unused industrial spaces into productive garden plots
- Using gardening practices as a subtle or direct form of civil protest.
- Requesting access to public land from authorities for food cultivation.
- Gaining emotional and psychological well-being through small-scale gardening.
The Correct Option is D
Solution and Explanation
- Step 2: Analyzing the options — Option (d) directly connects to the benefits of gardening in improving mental well-being, which is highlighted in the passage.
- Step 3: Conclusion — Option (d) is the correct answer.
What assumption underlies the author's argument in favor of community gardens?
Show Hint
- Individuals are incapable of gardening alone.
- Social cooperation enhances the benefits of gardening.
- Community gardens are more cost-effective than private ones.
- Governments support all communal gardening efforts.
The Correct Option is B
Solution and Explanation
- Step 2: Analyzing the options — Option (b)is supported by the passage, which notes that community efforts make gardening more successful.
- Step 3: Conclusion — Option (b)is the correct answer.
According to the passage, what deeper motivation underlies urban gardening beyond access to fresh food?
Show Hint
- Competing financially with existing industrial agricultural systems.
- Seeking more autonomy over personal food and environmental choices.
- Avoiding all types of reliance on common community food networks.
- Replacing all large-scale commercial farming with individual gardens.
The Correct Option is B
Solution and Explanation
- Step 2: Analyzing the options — Option (b)directly relates to the idea of autonomy in the passage.
- Step 3: Conclusion — Option (b)is the correct answer.
Why is urban gardening described as an act as much philosophical as it is practical?
Show Hint
- Because it reflects cultural traditions rather than food requirements.
- Because it is mainly a contest with large-scale commercial farming.
- Because it provides a complete substitute for rural food production.
- Because it expresses values of sustainability, choice, and connection.
The Correct Option is D
Solution and Explanation
- Step 2: Analyzing the options — Option (d) best captures the philosophical aspect discussed in the passage.
- Step 3: Conclusion — Option (d) is the correct answer.
Which of these best describes the role of 'innovation' in the success of urban gardening?
Show Hint
- It reduces the reliance on large public spaces for carrying out cultivation.
- It introduces creative methods to overcome space, soil, and sunlight limits.
- It eliminates the need for people to collaborate in shared gardening projects.
- It guarantees government funding to replace industrial farming completely.
The Correct Option is B
Solution and Explanation
- Step 2: Analyzing the options — Option (b)best captures the innovative methods mentioned in the passage.
- Step 3: Conclusion — Option (b)is the correct answer.
Top Questions on Reading Comprehension
- The advent of social media has dramatically transformed the way individuals consume and share information. In earlier times, people largely depended on newspapers, radio, or television as their primary sources of knowledge about the world. These were institutions that followed established editorial practices and fact-checking processes. With the rise of digital platforms, however, the traditional ‘gatekeepers’ of information have been bypassed. Today, anyone with internet access can create content, express an opinion, or broadcast an idea to a global audience within seconds.
This shift has certainly democratized access and given voice to communities and individuals who were often ignored by mainstream media. Yet, this democratization comes with challenges. Alongside genuine voices, social media has also amplified misinformation, rumours, and half-truths. Unlike traditional journalism, where accountability and verification are built into the system, social media thrives on speed, virality, and emotion. A misleading headline, a misinterpreted statistic, or even a doctored image can travel across the world before fact-checkers have the chance to intervene.
The consequences of such unchecked information can be serious, ranging from the spread of fear and panic to the manipulation of public opinion. The impact of this transformation extends beyond individual users to institutions and democracies. Political campaigns, corporate branding, and even social movements are now shaped by algorithms that decide what people see and when they see it. These algorithms prioritize engagement, often promoting content that provokes stronger emotional reactions rather than balanced analysis.
As a result, echo chambers form, online spaces where people are repeatedly exposed to opinions that mirror their own, reinforcing biases and reducing openness to differing perspectives. This has contributed to increasing polarization in societies across the world. Moreover, the competition for attention has blurred the line between information and entertainment, leading to the rise of sensationalism even in serious public discourse. The credibility of expertise too has been undermined, as opinions from unverified sources are often placed on the same footing as evidence-based knowledge.
In response, several governments and technology companies are exploring ways to promote digital literacy, enhance transparency in algorithms, and strengthen fact-checking collaborations. Ultimately, the challenge lies in balancing the openness of digital spaces with mechanisms that ensure responsibility and trustworthiness in public communication.- AILET BALLB (Hons.) - 2026
- English
- Reading Comprehension
- I have still to be brother to a Prince, though I once came near to kinship with what might have been a veritable King, and was promised the reversion of a Kingdom, army, law-courts, revenue, and policy, all complete. But, today, I greatly fear that my King is dead, and if I want a crown I must go and hunt it for myself. The beginning of everything was in a railway train upon the road to Mhow from Ajmir. There had been a deficit in the Budget, which necessitated travelling, not Second class, which is only half as dear as First class, but by Intermediate, which is very awful indeed. There are no cushions in the Intermediate class, and the population is either Intermediate, which is Eurasian, or native, which for a long night journey is nasty; or Loafer, which is amusing though intoxicated. Intermediates do not patronize refreshment rooms. They carry their food in bundles and pots, and buy sweets from the native sweet meat sellers, and drink the roadside water. That is why in the hot weather Intermediates are taken out of the carriages dead, and in all weathers are most properly looked down upon.
My particular Intermediate happened to be empty till I reached Nasirabad, when a huge gentleman in shirt sleeves entered, and following the custom of Intermediates, passed the time of day. He was a wanderer and a vagabond like myself, but with an educated taste for alcohol. He told daring tales of things he had seen and done, of out-of-the-way corners of the Empire into which he had penetrated, and of adventures in which he risked his life for a few days’ food. “If India was filled with men like you and me, not knowing more than the crows where they’d get their next day’s rations, it isn’t seventy millions of revenue the land would be paying, it’s seven hundred millions,” said he; and as I looked at his mouth and chin I was disposed to agree with him.
We talked politics, the politics of Loaferdom that sees things from the underside where the lath and plaster is not smoothed off, and we talked postal arrangements because my friend wanted to send a telegram back from the next station to Ajmir, which is the turning off place from the Bombay to the Mhow line as you travel westward. He had the air of one who had seen strange countries and stranger men, yet bore himself without vanity. There was a restless light in his eyes, the sort that belongs to men who have lived too long without a fixed purpose. When he spoke of the Empire, it was not with loyalty nor with bitterness, but with the detached amusement of one who has played his part and lost interest in the game. His laughter came easily, though it seemed to echo from some remembered hardship. It struck me then that his stories were less of adventure than of survival.- AILET BALLB (Hons.) - 2026
- English
- Reading Comprehension
Democracy, often hailed as the most equitable form of governance, is a system where power ultimately rests in the hands of the people. The word derives from the Greek words ”demos” meaning people and ”kratos” meaning power or rule. Democracy aims to provide equal political participation and protect the individual freedoms of all citizens. However, while the idea of democracy is simple, its practice is frequently complex and fraught with challenges. At its core, democracy functions on the principle of majority rule, yet it simultaneously guarantees the protection of minority rights.
This balance ensures that while the majority has the power to make decisions through voting, the fundamental rights of minorities are not trampled upon. Such a system requires consistent vigilance and respect for the rule of law. Without these, democracies can devolve into majoritarian tyranny or authoritarianism. The practice of democracy is not merely limited to voting in elections. It encompasses freedom of speech, an independent judiciary, free press, and protection of individual rights. These elements together create a political environment where citizens can express dissent, hold leaders accountable, and participate actively in decision-making. When any component is weakened, the democratic process becomes vulnerable.
In recent times, democratic societies worldwide have grappled with new challenges. The rise of misinformation and fake news has eroded public trust in institutions and polarized societies. Social media platforms, meant to facilitate communication, have sometimes amplified divisive narratives and falsehoods. This has resulted in voter manipulation and a growing skepticism toward democratic processes. Literacy in media and critical thinking is increasingly vital to safeguard democracy from such threats. Economic inequality poses another significant challenge. While democracy promises equal rights politically, vast disparities in wealth and opportunity undermine this ideal.
This phenomenon raises questions about whether democracy is achievable without addressing socioeconomic inequalities. Furthermore, the involvement of citizens is crucial. Democracy requires that people are informed, engaged, and willing to participate beyond casting votes. Civic education and awareness campaigns play an essential role in nurturing responsible citizenship. Apathy or disengagement weakens the democratic fabric, opening avenues for corruption and other dangers to the system. In conclusion, democracy thrives on the collective responsibility of governments and citizens to protect its pillars and ensure inclusive, fair governance.- AILET BALLB (Hons.) - 2026
- English
- Reading Comprehension
The Rule of Law
by Tom BinghamJustice: What’s the Right Thing to Do?
by Michael J. SandelLetters to a Law Student
by Nicholas J. McBrideIn The Rule of Law, former Lord Chief Justice Tom Bingham explores how the principle of legality underpins modern democratic life. He defines the rule of law as more than just adherence to formal rules; it is the assurance that power is exercised within clear, fair, and publicly known boundaries.
Bingham distills the concept into eight principles, including equality before the law, access to justice, and respect for fundamental human rights. Drawing on cases and historical examples, he warns that national security and administrative efficiency must never override the rights of individuals.
The book bridges legal philosophy and practice, arguing that law must be both predictable and humane. For Bingham, the rule of law represents a moral ideal, one that sustains public trust in justice and curbs arbitrary governance.Michael Sandel’s Justice: What’s the Right Thing to Do? examines moral reasoning in law and politics. Through examples like price gouging, affirmative action, and taxation, Sandel invites readers to explore competing notions of fairness.
He engages with philosophical traditions such as utilitarianism, libertarianism, and Rawlsian egalitarianism, showing that questions of justice cannot be separated from questions of virtue and the common good.
Sandel rejects the idea of a morally “neutral” legal system, arguing that public deliberation about values is essential to democracy. Ultimately, he argues that a just society is one that cultivates civic responsibility, not merely individual rights.Nicholas McBride’s Letters to a Law Student is a practical and reflective guide for aspiring lawyers. Written as a series of letters to a student beginning law school, it explores what legal study truly involves.
This includes mastering case analysis, understanding precedents, and developing critical reasoning. McBride distinguishes between knowing the law and thinking like a lawyer, the latter requiring analytical discipline and ethical awareness.
He emphasizes that good lawyers combine intellectual rigor with moral judgment and clarity of expression. Beyond academic success, the book urges students to reflect on law’s purpose, balancing order, justice, and compassion in human affairs.- AILET BALLB (Hons.) - 2026
- English
- Reading Comprehension
The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into law enforcement practices has sparked a global debate on ethics, privacy, and accountability. From facial recognition systems in public spaces to predictive policing algorithms, AI is transforming how crimes are detected and prevented. However, the benefits of efficiency and data-driven decision-making are accompanied by concerns about fairness, bias, and the potential erosion of civil liberties. One of the most controversial applications is predictive policing, which uses historical crime data to forecast the times and places where crimes are likely to occur or who might commit them. Proponents argue that this allows police to allocate resources more efficiently and reduce crime rates. However, critics warn that such systems may reinforce existing societal biases. If past data reflect biased policing practices, such as over-policing in marginalized communities, then the algorithm may perpetuate these injustices by disproportionately targeting the same areas or groups. Facial Recognition Technology (FRT) is another AI-driven tool that has gained traction. While it has proven useful in identifying suspects, it raises serious concerns regarding surveillance and individual privacy. Studies have also shown that FRT is less accurate in identifying people of color and women, increasing the risk of false accusations and wrongful detentions.
The lack of transparency in how these systems operate further complicates the field of law and practice. Many AI tools used in law enforcement are developed by private companies that treat their algorithms as proprietary, meaning that even law enforcement officers may not fully understand how decisions are made by these AI tools. This is often referred to as the “Black Box” problem. This opaqueness undermines accountability, making it difficult to challenge wrongful predictions or decisions in a court of law. As AI continues to evolve, lawmakers and civil rights advocates are calling for stronger regulations, awareness that these technologies are used responsibly. Proposals include the mandatory auditing of algorithms, public disclosure of data sources, and legal safeguards to protect against discrimination. Without such measures, the unchecked use of AI could lead to a justice system that prioritizes efficiency over equity, ultimately compromising democratic values and rule of law. AI holds the promise of revolutionizing law enforcement, its application must be guided by ethical frameworks that prioritize human rights, transparency, and fairness. Otherwise, technology intended to protect society may end up harming the very individuals it seeks to serve.- AILET BALLB (Hons.) - 2026
- English
- Reading Comprehension
Questions Asked in AILET exam
- Introducing cycling lanes reduces minor collisions in a district. Which of the following more strongly supports the causal link between these events?
- AILET BALLB (Hons.) - 2026
- Statements and Arguments
- A vaccine trial reports a 60% reduction in disease incidence in the trial population. Which is the safest inference?
- AILET BALLB (Hons.) - 2026
- Statements and Inferences
- All Poets write Poems. Some Poets are Critics. No Critic ignores Structure. Which of the following conclusion necessarily follows?
- The government announced subsidies for electric vehicles (EVs) to encourage consumers to buy more EVs. However, sales of EVs remained stagnant. Which of the following, if true, would best explain the outcome?
- AILET BALLB (Hons.) - 2026
- Statements and Arguments
- Complete the series: A2, C6, F12, J20, ?
- AILET BALLB (Hons.) - 2026
- Number Series