Comprehension
The questions are to be answered on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage. Choose the most appropriate response that accurately and completely answer the question.
Aristotle, an ancient philosopher, was one of the first to discuss syllogisms. In Prior Analytics, published around 350 BCE, Aristotle outlined the basic form of syllogism which represented the earliest branch of formal logic. For Aristotle, logic revolved around deduction : “speech in which certain things having been supposed something different from those supposed results of necessity because of their being so.”
If that sounds confusing – that’s ancient philosophy for you! Let’s break it down. “The things that have been supposed” are what we now call “premises”. “What results necessarily” from those premises being true is a conclusion.
To Aristotle, if an argument was valid, it would be impossible for premises X and Y to be true and for conclusion Z to be false. Aristotle named this method of proving validity “reductio ad impossibile” : a syllogism is valid when the denial of the conclusion but acceptance of the premises would lead to a contradiction.
Aristotle divided syllogistic propositions into four different categories : universal affirmative, particular affirmative, universal negative and particular negative.
A universal affirmative syllogistic sentence : All humans need food.
A particular affirmative syllogistic sentence : Some birds can fly.
A universal negative syllogistic sentence : No dogs are cats.
A particular negative syllogistic sentence : Not all cars have four doors.
During the rise of modern formal logic, German philosopher Gottlob Frege refined Aristotle’s syllogistic theory through the addition of non-categorical syllogisms. These are syllogisms that rely on premises and can be hypothetical, or which include disjunctions like ‘or’. The hypothetical form of syllogisms can be traced back to Stoic philosophy, but modern philosophers tend to attribute the theory to Frege. In the 19th century, British philosopher and economist John Neville Keynes also helped make non-categorical syllogisms popular.
Here’s an example of a hypothetical syllogism :
1. If it is sunny tomorrow, I can go running.
2. It is sunny.
3. Therefore, I can go running.
Here’s an example of a disjunctive syllogism :
1. Patrick studies English or Linguistics.
2. Patrick is not studying Linguistics.
3. Therefore, he is studying English.
In the Begriffsschrift (German for “Concept-Script”), he refined Aristotle’s system by developing a logical system that explained how quantifiers (words like “all” and “some”) work. His system also became the basis for modern computer science.
Aristotle, an ancient philosopher, was one of the first to discuss syllogisms. In Prior Analytics, published around 350 BCE, Aristotle outlined the basic form of syllogism which represented the earliest branch of formal logic. For Aristotle, logic revolved around deduction : “speech in which certain things having been supposed something different from those supposed results of necessity because of their being so.”
If that sounds confusing – that’s ancient philosophy for you! Let’s break it down. “The things that have been supposed” are what we now call “premises”. “What results necessarily” from those premises being true is a conclusion.
To Aristotle, if an argument was valid, it would be impossible for premises X and Y to be true and for conclusion Z to be false. Aristotle named this method of proving validity “reductio ad impossibile” : a syllogism is valid when the denial of the conclusion but acceptance of the premises would lead to a contradiction.
Aristotle divided syllogistic propositions into four different categories : universal affirmative, particular affirmative, universal negative and particular negative.
A universal affirmative syllogistic sentence : All humans need food.
A particular affirmative syllogistic sentence : Some birds can fly.
A universal negative syllogistic sentence : No dogs are cats.
A particular negative syllogistic sentence : Not all cars have four doors.
During the rise of modern formal logic, German philosopher Gottlob Frege refined Aristotle’s syllogistic theory through the addition of non-categorical syllogisms. These are syllogisms that rely on premises and can be hypothetical, or which include disjunctions like ‘or’. The hypothetical form of syllogisms can be traced back to Stoic philosophy, but modern philosophers tend to attribute the theory to Frege. In the 19th century, British philosopher and economist John Neville Keynes also helped make non-categorical syllogisms popular.
Here’s an example of a hypothetical syllogism :
1. If it is sunny tomorrow, I can go running.
2. It is sunny.
3. Therefore, I can go running.
Here’s an example of a disjunctive syllogism :
1. Patrick studies English or Linguistics.
2. Patrick is not studying Linguistics.
3. Therefore, he is studying English.
In the Begriffsschrift (German for “Concept-Script”), he refined Aristotle’s system by developing a logical system that explained how quantifiers (words like “all” and “some”) work. His system also became the basis for modern computer science.
Question: 1
Select the appropriate option to fill the blank.
In the line, ‘Aristotle outlined the basic form of syllogism….’ in paragraph 1, the writer means that Aristotle _______ the topic.
Select the appropriate option to fill the blank.
In the line, ‘Aristotle outlined the basic form of syllogism….’ in paragraph 1, the writer means that Aristotle _______ the topic.
In the line, ‘Aristotle outlined the basic form of syllogism….’ in paragraph 1, the writer means that Aristotle _______ the topic.
Updated On: Aug 4, 2024
- shared an introductory insight on
- paraphrased features of
- wrote a detailed discussion on
- presented the main aspects of
Hide Solution
Verified By Collegedunia
The Correct Option is D
Solution and Explanation
The correct option is (D): presented the main aspects of.
Was this answer helpful?
0
0
Question: 2
The writer’s use of an exclamation mark in the line ‘... that’s ancient philosophy for you!’, from paragraph 2. What is the most likely tone this indicates ?
The writer’s use of an exclamation mark in the line ‘... that’s ancient philosophy for you!’, from paragraph 2. What is the most likely tone this indicates ?
Updated On: Aug 4, 2024
- derogatory
- humorous
- sarcastic
- provocative
Hide Solution
Verified By Collegedunia
The Correct Option is B
Solution and Explanation
The correct option is (B): humorous.
Was this answer helpful?
0
0
Question: 3
Select the option that is true for both (1) and (2) below, according to paragraph 3.- A conclusion is the main feature of a premise.=
- Premises need to be proven true for a conclusion to occur.
Select the option that is true for both (1) and (2) below, according to paragraph 3.
- A conclusion is the main feature of a premise.=
- Premises need to be proven true for a conclusion to occur.
Updated On: Aug 4, 2024
- (1) is true but (2) is false.
- Both (1) and (2) are true.
- (2) is true but (1) cannot be inferred from the text.
- (1) is true but (2) cannot be inferred from the text.
Hide Solution
Verified By Collegedunia
The Correct Option is C
Solution and Explanation
The correct option is (C): (2) is true but (1) cannot be inferred from the text..
Was this answer helpful?
0
0
Question: 4
Select the option that substitutes the underlined word correctly in the given line.
‘These are syllogisms that rely on premises being hypothetical……’
Select the option that substitutes the underlined word correctly in the given line.
‘These are syllogisms that rely on premises being hypothetical……’
‘These are syllogisms that rely on premises being hypothetical……’
Updated On: Aug 4, 2024
- Conjectural
- climatic
- conciliatory
- corroborative
Hide Solution
Verified By Collegedunia
The Correct Option is A
Solution and Explanation
The correct option is (A): conjectural .
Was this answer helpful?
0
0
Question: 5
Select the option that uses a ‘quantifier’, as mentioned in the last paragraph.
Select the option that uses a ‘quantifier’, as mentioned in the last paragraph.
Updated On: Aug 4, 2024
- We saw a lot of birds at the sanctuary.
- The sanctuary is located beyond the city walls.
- The birds migrate to the sanctuary in March.
- We planned the trips to the bird sanctuary.
Hide Solution
Verified By Collegedunia
The Correct Option is A
Solution and Explanation
The correct option is (A): We saw a lot of birds at the sanctuary..
Was this answer helpful?
0
0
Question: 6
Let the following premises be true : “If it is sunny on any given day, I can go running.”, and “It is not sunny today.” Which of the following must be true ?
Let the following premises be true : “If it is sunny on any given day, I can go running.”, and “It is not sunny today.” Which of the following must be true ?
Updated On: Aug 4, 2024
- I cannot go running today.
- I can go running today.
- I can go walking today.
- None of the above
Hide Solution
Verified By Collegedunia
The Correct Option is D
Solution and Explanation
The correct option is (D): None of the above.
Was this answer helpful?
0
0
Question: 7
If a majority of spoons are forks, then which of the following could be true ?
If a majority of spoons are forks, then which of the following could be true ?
Updated On: Aug 4, 2024
- A majority of forks are spoons
- A minority of forks are spoons
- All forks are spoons
- All the above
Hide Solution
Verified By Collegedunia
The Correct Option is D
Solution and Explanation
The correct option is (D): All the above.
Was this answer helpful?
0
0
Question: 8
Assume that (A) a majority of blankets are sheets, (B) a majority of blankets are tablecloths, and (C) no non-blanket sheet (i.e., a sheet that is not a blanket) is a non-blanket tablecloth (i.e., a tablecloth that is not a blanket). Which of the following is true ?
Assume that (A) a majority of blankets are sheets, (B) a majority of blankets are tablecloths, and (C) no non-blanket sheet (i.e., a sheet that is not a blanket) is a non-blanket tablecloth (i.e., a tablecloth that is not a blanket). Which of the following is true ?
Updated On: Aug 4, 2024
- No sheets are tablecloths
- Some sheets are tablecloths
- All sheets are tablecloths
- Cannot be determined
Hide Solution
Verified By Collegedunia
The Correct Option is B
Solution and Explanation
The correct option is (B): Some sheets are tablecloths.
Was this answer helpful?
0
0
Question: 9
A minority of wallets are purses. A majority of wallets are perfumes. Which of the following could be true ?
A minority of wallets are purses. A majority of wallets are perfumes. Which of the following could be true ?
Updated On: Aug 4, 2024
- No purses are perfumes
- All purses are perfumes
- Both (a) and (b)
- Neither (a) nor (b)
Hide Solution
Verified By Collegedunia
The Correct Option is C
Solution and Explanation
The correct option is (C): Both (a) and (b).
Was this answer helpful?
0
0
Question: 10
A majority of Formula 1 cars are race-cars. All race-cars drive on four wheels. All four-wheeled cars are twenty times as fast as cars that drive on any other number of wheels. Speed is the only determining factor for winning a race that involves cars. Which of the following is/are correct?
A majority of Formula 1 cars are race-cars. All race-cars drive on four wheels. All four-wheeled cars are twenty times as fast as cars that drive on any other number of wheels. Speed is the only determining factor for winning a race that involves cars. Which of the following is/are correct?
Updated On: Aug 4, 2024
- In a Formula 1 race, a non-four-wheeled car (i.e., a car that does not drive on four wheels) will never be able to win.
- In a Formula 1 race, the winner of a race among 20 cars can be predicted using only the number of wheels that a car drives on.
- In an Indy500 race, where all participating cars are race-cars, the winner of a race among 50 cars can be predicted.
- Both (a) and (b).
Hide Solution
Verified By Collegedunia
The Correct Option is A
Solution and Explanation
The correct option is (A): In a Formula 1 race, a non-four-wheeled car (i.e., a car that does not drive on four wheels) will never be able to win..
Was this answer helpful?
0
0
Question: 11
A minority of folders are documents. Which of the following is not true ?
A minority of folders are documents. Which of the following is not true ?
Updated On: Aug 4, 2024
- If there are folders, there are documents.
- If there are documents, there are at least 2 folders.
- If there are no documents, there are no folders.
- All of the above are true.
Hide Solution
Verified By Collegedunia
The Correct Option is A
Solution and Explanation
The correct option is (A): If there are folders, there are documents..
Was this answer helpful?
0
0
Question: 12
All moons are asteroids. All planets are celestial bodies. Some planets are moons. Therefore,
All moons are asteroids. All planets are celestial bodies. Some planets are moons. Therefore,
Updated On: Aug 4, 2024
- All asteroids are celestial bodies.
- All asteroids are planets.
- Some asteroids are planets.
- None of the above
Hide Solution
Verified By Collegedunia
The Correct Option is C
Solution and Explanation
The correct option is (C): Some asteroids are planets..
Was this answer helpful?
0
0
Top Questions on Reading Comprehension
- Read the excerpt from a Handicrafts Manual: ‘Advanced Knitting Techniques’ and answer the following questions by choosing the most appropriate answer.
THE FAIR ISLE METHOD: Fair Isle knitting is a traditional technique that involves using two or more colours of yarn in a single row to create intricate patterns and designs. This method requires careful tension management to ensure even stitches and prevent puckering. To begin, select your colours and cast on the desired number of stitches. As you knit, alternate between colours every few stitches, carrying the unused yarn along the back of the work. Mastering the Fair Isle technique allows you to create stunning visual effects in garments, accessories, and home textiles.
THE CONTINENTAL STYLE: The Continental knitting style, often referred to as “picking,” involves holding the yarn in the left hand while the right hand manipulates the needles. This method allows for greater speed and efficiency, particularly when working with complex patterns or multiple colours. To practice this style, start by casting on your stitches and using your left hand to tension the yarn. With each stitch, simply “pick” the yarn with your right needle, forming a quick and fluid motion. As you become comfortable with this technique, you may find that your overall knitting speed and comfort improve significantly.
THE SHORT-ROW TECHNIQUE: Short-row knitting is an advanced technique that allows for the creation of shaped garments, such as sleeves and shoulders, without the need for complex shaping. To make a sleeve using this technique, begin by casting on the required number of stitches. Work a portion of the row, then turn your work and return without completing the full row to create the “short rows” that shape the curves of the sleeve. To prevent holes at the turn, wrap the stitch before you turn your work. Repeat this process as needed to achieve the desired shaping and dimension of the sleeve. Once you have shaped the sleeve, you can then sew the side seams to connect the pieces of your garment and finally, complete the edges to ensure a clean finish. This method not only helps shape curves but also adds dimension to your piece, allowing you to enhance fit and style.- AILET BALLB (Hons.) - 2025
- English
- Reading Comprehension
- Read the following passage and answer the following questions by choosing the most appropriate answer.
The Story of Coffee
Coffee, a beloved beverage enjoyed by millions around the globe, has a rich and captivating history that spans centuries. The story of coffee begins in the ancient highlands of Ethiopia, where, according to legend, a goat herder named Kaldi discovered the stimulating effects of coffee beans. One day, Kaldi noticed his goats frolicking with unusual energy after eating red berries from a certain tree. Curious, he tried the berries himself and experienced a newfound alertness. This discovery soon spread to monasteries, where monks used it to stay awake during long hours of prayer. From Ethiopia, coffee cultivation and consumption spread to the Arabian Peninsula, particularly in Yemen, where the practice of roasting coffee beans and brewing the drink began to take shape. By the 15th century, coffee had become a popular beverage in the Islamic world, with coffee houses known as ‘qahveh khaneh’ emerging as social hubs for conversation, music, and intellectual exchange. These coffee houses became centers of culture and commerce, influencing the spread of coffee to Turkey and beyond, eventually reaching Europe. In Europe, coffee initially faced resistance from religious authorities who considered it a ‘Muslim drink’ and tried to ban it. However, its popularity persisted, and by the 17th century, coffee houses had sprung up in major European cities, becoming important gathering places for artists, writers, and thinkers. The stimulating effects of coffee were embraced during the Age of Enlightenment, where it was seen as a catalyst for intellectual discussion and innovation. The journey of coffee continued with the establishment of colonial plantations in tropical regions such as the Caribbean, Central and South America, and Southeast Asia. These plantations fuelled the global demand for coffee, transforming it from a regional specialty to a major commodity. The industrial revolution further accelerated coffee production and consumption, leading to innovations in coffee brewing methods and the development of instant coffee. In the modern era, coffee has evolved into a deeply ingrained part of daily life for people worldwide. Its cultural significance spans from the bustling cafes of Paris to the quiet coffee farms of Colombia. Today, coffee remains not only a popular beverage but also a symbol of social interaction, productivity, and enjoyment. Whether sipped slowly over a conversation with friends or grabbed hastily on the way to work, the story of coffee continues to unfold, intertwining with the histories and cultures of countless societies across the globe.- AILET BALLB (Hons.) - 2025
- English
- Reading Comprehension
- Read the following passage and answer the following questions by choosing the most appropriate answer.
The intricate world of modern manufacturing is a web of precision and innovation, where even the tiniest components play a pivotal role. One such element, often overlooked but crucial, is the sub-subpart. Whether it’s a carpenter fashioning a bespoke piece of furniture or an automobile engineer designing the next generation of vehicles, the creation of sub-subparts is a fundamental process that demands meticulous craftsmanship and cutting-edge technology. In the realm of woodworking, carpenters frequently work with sub-subparts like dowels, screws, and hinges. These minute components may appear insignificant, yet they determine the structural integrity and functionality of the final product. Crafting a dowel, for instance, begins with selecting the appropriate wood species, followed by precision cutting and shaping. The result is a perfectly cylindrical, sturdy sub-subpart that seamlessly joins two larger pieces of wood. The advent of computer-aided design (CAD) and computer numerical control (CNC) machines has revolutionised this process, enabling carpenters to create sub-subparts with unparalleled precision.
Similarly, in the automobile industry, sub-subparts are the unsung heroes of vehicle construction. Take, for instance, the ball bearing—a minuscule but essential component in the wheels and transmission system. Manufacturing these precision-engineered spheres involves intricate processes like forging, heat treatment, and precision machining. Modern techniques such as laser cutting and 3D printing have streamlined production, ensuring that these sub-subparts meet the demanding standards of the automotive sector. The manufacturing of sub-subparts is a testament to the convergence of traditional craftsmanship and cutting-edge technology. Whether it’s a carpenter’s workshop or a high-tech automotive assembly line, the quest for perfection in sub-subpart creation remains unwavering. The attention to detail and precision required in these processes is a testament to the dedication of craftsmen and engineers alike.
To conclude, while sub-subparts may be small in size, their significance in various industries cannot be overstated. Whether it’s a carpenter working on a timeless piece of furniture or an automotive engineer striving for superior performance, the manufacturing of sub-subparts is a crucial step towards achieving excellence in craftsmanship and technology. This fusion of tradition and innovation accentuates the essence of modern manufacturing.- AILET BALLB (Hons.) - 2025
- English
- Reading Comprehension
- Read the book descriptions for three different books and answer the questions by choosing the most appropriate options.
\(\text{The Politics of Change}\) \(\text{The Change in Politics}\) \(\text{Politics and Change:}\) A Global Perspective} In "The Politics of Change," political analyst Dr. Emily Harper examines the dynamics of social movements and their impact on policy reform. Through detailed case studies, she explores how grassroots organizations, protests, and advocacy campaigns shape public opinion and influence lawmakers. Dr. Harper provides insights into the strategies that successful movements employ and discusses the challenges they face in a complex political landscape. She discusses key strategies, such as coalition-building, media engagement, and the use of digital platforms to amplify voices. This book by veteran journalist Mark Stevens investigates the shifting political landscape in the 21st century. Focusing on major elections, emerging political parties, and the role of social media, Stevens analyzes how technology and demographics are transforming political engagement and voter behaviour. Through interviews with political leaders, campaign strategists, and everyday voters, Stevens uncovers how demographic shifts and technological advancements are reshaping political discourse in urban areas. He analyzes the implications of these changes for traditional political institutions and explores how movements like #MeToo and Black Lives Matter have disrupted conventional narratives. In this insightful work, international relations scholar Dr. Anika Patel presents a global analysis of political change across various regions. She explores the factors that drive political transitions, including economic shifts, cultural movements, and international influences. Dr. Patel emphasizes the interconnectedness of global politics and how local changes can have far-reaching implications. She analyzes various factors driving political transitions, including economic upheaval, cultural shifts, and the impact of globalization. She provides case studies from diverse regions, such as the Arab Spring, democratic movements in Latin America, and shifts in power in Asia. The book serves as a vital resource for understanding the complexities of political evolution in a rapidly changing world. - AILET BALLB (Hons.) - 2025
- English
- Reading Comprehension
- The levels of dissolved oxygen in the world's ocean waters are declining precipitously. Just like humans, fish need oxygen to survive, and so in ocean areas experiencing significant levels of oxygen scarcity, or hypoxia, fish populations are plummeting. Although some hypoxic areas, called "dead zones," occur naturally, hypoxia in coastal areas and inland waters is caused mainly by agricultural run-off and by discharge of industrial wastewater. More than one hundred permanent dead zones, many covering thousands of square miles, exist worldwide today.
Since reproductive success is the most critical factor in the sustainability of any species, the extent of this threat to marine life and genetic diversity can hardly be overstated. After several months in hypoxic waters, female fish produce fewer eggs. Moreover, hypoxic conditions serve to alter the normal ratio between two particular hormones manufactured during the embryonic stage when a fish's gender is determined. During gestation and under these conditions, the mother produces more testosterone (and less estradiol), which inhibits the development of female reproductive organs and other female characteristics in the embryo, while promoting the development of male traits.
The implications of declining oxygen levels extend beyond individual species to entire ecosystems. Marine biodiversity is at risk as species that cannot adapt to hypoxic conditions may face extinction, leading to a cascade of effects throughout the food web. Predators may struggle to find adequate prey, while other marine organisms, such as coral reefs, which rely on healthy fish populations for symbiotic relationships, may also deteriorate. The loss of biodiversity can disrupt ecosystem services that are essential for human communities, including fisheries, tourism, and coastal protection.- AILET BALLB (Hons.) - 2025
- English
- Reading Comprehension
View More Questions
Questions Asked in AILET exam
- Issue: Is football the most popular sport in the world?
Argument 1: Yes, Football World Cup (FIFA) have over five times global viewership as compared to Formula 1 Grand Prix (Car racing) or the Wimbledon Championships (Tennis).
Argument 2: Yes, Lionel Messi is the most followed footballer across social media platforms.
Argument 3: No, the Cricket World Cup has been the most profitable sports event worldwide for the last three decades.
Choose the most appropriate answer:- AILET BALLB (Hons.) - 2025
- Statements and Arguments
- Vinay is trying to decide the sequence in which to watch the following movies –Sholay (SH), RRR, Slumdog Millionaire (SM), PK and Dangal (DL). The sequence must adhere to the following conditions:
I. SH and DL must not immediately precede or follow each other.
II. RRR must go after SM.
III. PK cannot be the first or the last movie.
IV. DL must necessarily be one removed from SM.
Which of the following is a valid sequence? - Sanjana is attempting to create an exercise plan for a 5-day week. She has decided on the following exercises – A, X, B, Y, C, in accordance with the following conditions.
I. A and Y cannot be on the consecutive days
II. C must always be followed by B
III. B and A cannot be done on alternate days
IV. X cannot be done on the first day of the week
V. No exercise can be repeated in the week
Which of the following is a valid plan? - Assertion: The rise of OTT platforms is challenging the traditional movie theatre business.
Argument 1: OTT platforms and traditional movie theatre present completely different experience and therefore are unlikely to affect each other.
Argument 2: OTT platforms ensure instant availability of diverse content, which a traditional movie theatre cannot emulate.
Choose the most appropriate answer:- AILET BALLB (Hons.) - 2025
- Statements and Arguments
- All Rabbits are Sleepers. All Tortoise paints. Some Rabbits are Tortoise. Siri is a Rabbit. Examine the following statements:
I. Siri paints
II. Siri does not paint
III. Siri is a Sleeper
IV. Siri is not a Sleeper
V. Siri is a Tortoise
VI. Siri is not a Tortoise
Choose the most appropriate answer:
View More Questions