Pacemaker is a group of modified cardiac muscle cells in sinus venosus of vertebrate heart. In mammals and birds, S.A. node (sino auricular node) lies in right atrial walls near superior vena cava. The electrical current generated spreads to adjacent purkinje fibres and from these to atrial muscle cells which contract together.
Virtually every cell, tissue, organ, and system in the body is impacted by the circulatory system.
Digestive - Absorbs nutrients and water; delivers nutrients (except most lipids) to liver for processing by hepactic portal vein; provides nutrients essential for hematopoiesis and building hemoglobin.
Endocrine - Delivers hormones: atrial natriuretic hormone (peptide) secreted by the heart atrial cells to help regulate blood volumes and pressures; epinephrine, ANH, angiotensin II, ADH, and thyroxine to help regulate blood pressure; estrogen to promote vascular health in women and men.
Integumentary - Carries clotting factors, platelets, and white blood cells for homeostatis, fighting infection, and reparing damage; regulates temperature by controlling blood flow to the surface, where heat can be dissipated; provides some coloration of integument; acts as a blood reservoir.
Muscular - Provides nutrients and oxygen for contraction; removes lactic acid and distributes heat generated by contraction; muscular pumps aid in venous return; exercise contributes to cardiovascular health and helps to prevent atherosclerosis.