Sexual reproduction entails a complex life cycle. It comprises a set of events that are divided into the following three stages:
Pre-fertilization: This stage covers the events before fertilization. The two events that take place during this stage are given below.
Gametogenesis of gamete formation: In eukaryotes, diploid mother cells splits to produce haploid cells known as gametes, in a process called meiosis. This process involves the reunification of genetic materials.
Transfer of gametes: Since the female gametes are immovable, male gametes are shifted for fertilization. In plants, this is attained by pollination. Unisexual animals transmit gametes through sexual intercourse.
Fertilization: Two haploid gametes merge or integrate into one diploid cell to produce a zygote, which is the precursor to an embryo offspring, in the process called fertilization. This zygote consolidates the genetic material from both the gametes. It is also known as syngamy.
Post-fertilization: Fertilization consequences in multiple cell divisions mitotically, without any alternates in the number of chromosomes, and forms a multicellular diploid phase that guides the zygote to develop into an embryo., the process is called embryogenesis.