Step 1: Understanding the Scheme Name
The name of the scheme includes "Lokamata Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar", a historically revered queen of the Malwa region in India. She is especially celebrated in the state of Madhya Pradesh.
Step 2: Linking the Name to the State
Ahilya Bai Holkar ruled from the city of Indore, which is located in present-day Madhya Pradesh. Many welfare schemes in Madhya Pradesh are named after her, as a mark of respect.
Step 3: Objective of the Scheme
This scheme aims to promote entrepreneurship and self-employment, particularly focusing on women and youth. The Madhya Pradesh government launched it to provide skill training and economic empowerment opportunities.
Step 4: Elimination of Incorrect Options
Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh do not have a flagship scheme by this specific name.
Madhya Pradesh is historically and administratively associated with Ahilya Bai Holkar and has introduced this scheme officially.
Therefore, the correct answer is: Madhya Pradesh.
Criminology is the scientific and jurisprudential study of crime, criminal behaviour, and the penal response of the state. It operates at the intersection of law, sociology, psychology, and public policy. Its foundational principle is nullum crimen sine lege, nulla poena sine lege, stressing that there is no crime nor punishment without a pre-existing law. Traditional criminology was shaped by the Classical School, emphasizing free will and rationality. Influenced by Bentham’s utilitarianism, it viewed punishment as a deterrent mechanism, echoing audi alteram partem in demanding procedural fairness. In contrast, the Positivist School, focused on biological, psychological, and sociological causes of criminality, thereby shifting from retributive justice to rehabilitative models.
Modern criminology encompasses diverse domains like victimology, penology, white-collar crime, cybercrime, and transnational offences. The traditional ele ments of crime, mens rea and actus reus remain crucial. However, strict liability offences and corporate crimes often challenge this binary. With the advent of globalization, criminology now interfaces with international criminal law, human rights jurisprudence, and restorative justice. It aims to reintegrate the offender and provide restitution to victims. Furthermore, critical criminology interrogates how law disproportionately penalizes marginalized groups, reflecting concerns of penal populism, mass incarceration, and criminalization of poverty. This evolving discipline critiques not just criminal behaviour but the social construction of de viance itself.