The Latin maxim ‘Ex turpi causa non oritur actio’ is a legal principle used to describe situations where a party is prevented from pursuing legal remedies when their cause of action arises from their own illegal or unethical acts. When translated, it means "From a dishonourable cause, an action does not arise". This principle is essential in legal contexts where courts refuse to aid those engaged in illegal or immoral acts by allowing them to seek civil remedies.
Thus, the correct answer is: All of the above, since it encompasses both explanations of the legal maxim’s significance.
| I. Arbitration of excepted matters | 1. A. Ayyasamy v. A. Paramasivam, (2016) 10 SCC 386 |
| II. Conditional Arbitration Clauses | 2. In re - Interplay between Arb Agreements and Stamp Act 2023 INSC 1066 |
| III. Separability of Arbitration Agreement - Kompetenz Kompetenz | 3. Vulcan Insurance Co Ltd v. Maharaj Singh and Anr (1976) 1 SCC 943 |
| IV. Arbitrability of fraud | 4. Mitra Guha Builders (India) Co v. ONGC (2020) 3 SCC 222 |
| Offenses | Sections |
| (A) Voyeurism | (1) Section 77 |
| (B) Word, gesture or act intended to insult the modesty of a woman | (2) Section 79 |
| (C) Stalking | (3) Section 75 |
| (D) Sexual Harassment | (4) Section 78 |