Comprehension
The 1983 re-organization was done with the objective of renewal; it was indeed a very complex exercise handled deftly by A.V.
Ranga Rao and C.R. Swaminathan. We created a team of newly joined young scientists with just one experienced person and
gave them the challenge of building the strap down inertial guidance system, an on board computer and a ram rocket in
propulsion system. This exercise was being attempted for the first time in the country and the technology involved was
comparable with world-class systems. The guidance technology is centered around the gyro and accelerometer package, and
the electronics to process the sensor output. The on-board computer carries the mission computations and flight sequencing. A
ram rocket system breathes air to sustain its high velocity for long durations after it is put through a booster rocket. The young
teams not only designed these systems but also developed them into operational equipment. Later, Prithvi and then Agni used
similar guidance systems, with excellent results. The effort of these young teams made the country self-reliant in the area of
projectile technologies. It was a good demonstration of the ‘renewal factor’. Our intellectual capacity was renewed through
contact with enthusiastic young minds and had achieved these outstanding results.
Now, besides the renewal of manpower, emphasis had to be laid on augmenting the strength of project groups. Often, people
seek to satisfy their social egoistic and self-actualization needs at their workplaces. A good leader must identify two different
sets of environmental features. One, which satisfies a person’s need and the other, which creates dissatisfaction with his work.
We have already observed that people look for those characteristics in their work that relate to the values and goals which they
consider important as giving meaning to their lives. If a job meets the employees’ need for achievement, recognition,
responsibility, growth and advancement, they will work hard to achieve goals.
Once the work is satisfying, a person then looks at the environment and circumstances in the workplace. He observes the
policies of the administration, qualities of his leader, security, status and working conditions. Then, he correlates these factors to
the interpersonal relations he has with his peers and examines his personal life in the light of these factors. It is the agglomerate
of all these aspects that decide the degree and quality of a person’s effort and performance.
The matrix organization evolved in 1983 proved excellent in meeting all these requirements. So, while retaining this structure of the laboratory, we undertook a task-design exercise. The scientists working in technology directorates were made system managers to interact exclusively with one project. An external fabrication wing was formed under P.K. Biswas, a developmental fabrication technologist of long standing, to deal with the public sector undertakings (PSUs) and private sector firms associated with the development of the missile hardware. This reduced pressure on the in-house fabrication facilities and enabled them to concentrate on jobs which could not be undertaken outside, which in fact, occupied all three shifts.
The matrix organization evolved in 1983 proved excellent in meeting all these requirements. So, while retaining this structure of the laboratory, we undertook a task-design exercise. The scientists working in technology directorates were made system managers to interact exclusively with one project. An external fabrication wing was formed under P.K. Biswas, a developmental fabrication technologist of long standing, to deal with the public sector undertakings (PSUs) and private sector firms associated with the development of the missile hardware. This reduced pressure on the in-house fabrication facilities and enabled them to concentrate on jobs which could not be undertaken outside, which in fact, occupied all three shifts.
Question: 1
The following traits of a good leader are evident from the passage:
I. should be able to identify the contradicting environmental features to which a person reacts.
II. should keep a tab on a person’s individual need fulfillment.
III. should well understand the external factors which dissatisfy a person
The following traits of a good leader are evident from the passage:
I. should be able to identify the contradicting environmental features to which a person reacts.
II. should keep a tab on a person’s individual need fulfillment.
III. should well understand the external factors which dissatisfy a person
I. should be able to identify the contradicting environmental features to which a person reacts.
II. should keep a tab on a person’s individual need fulfillment.
III. should well understand the external factors which dissatisfy a person
Show Hint
When identifying key traits or qualities in a passage, consider all aspects discussed and select answers that align with the comprehensive description.
Updated On: Mar 7, 2025
- I, II and III
- I and II
- II and III
- I and III
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The Correct Option is A
Solution and Explanation
The passage states that a leader must identify two different sets of environmental features. One which satisfies a person’s need and the other which creates dissatisfaction with his work. All the three statements relate to one of these two sets of environmental features.
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Question: 2
From the passage, it can be inferred that
From the passage, it can be inferred that
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In questions based on inferences, focus on understanding the author's perspective or recommendations and how they apply to the overall message.
Updated On: Mar 7, 2025
- social, egoistic and self-actualization needs could be catastrophic at the workplace.
- social, egoistic and self-actualization needs are catastrophic at the workplace.
- social, egoistic and self-actualization needs should be eliminated.
- social, egoistic and self-actualization needs should be taken care of.
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The Correct Option is D
Solution and Explanation
Step 1: The passage describes the importance of meeting employees' social, egoistic, and self-actualization needs to ensure their satisfaction and success at the workplace.
Step 2: These needs are not to be disregarded or eliminated but should be properly addressed for overall workplace satisfaction.
Step 3: Thus, option (D) is correct as it suggests taking care of these needs.
Step 2: These needs are not to be disregarded or eliminated but should be properly addressed for overall workplace satisfaction.
Step 3: Thus, option (D) is correct as it suggests taking care of these needs.
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Question: 3
It can be said about the renewal factor that
It can be said about the renewal factor that
Show Hint
Pay attention to the descriptions of relationships in the passage, especially in terms of how different groups influence or motivate each other.
Updated On: Mar 7, 2025
- it was responsible for the project’s success.
- the young were rejuvenated on coming in contact with the experienced.
- the old scientists were refocused on their job.
- the young intellectually stimulated the experienced.
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The Correct Option is A
Solution and Explanation
Step 1: The passage emphasizes the success achieved through the “renewal factor,” which refers to the involvement of young scientists. This factor enabled the country to become self-reliant in projectile technologies.
Step 2: The author attributes the excellent results to the efforts of the young teams, which suggests that the renewal of manpower was key to the success of the project.
Step 3: Option (A) accurately captures the essence of the renewal factor being the core reason for the project's success.
Step 2: The author attributes the excellent results to the efforts of the young teams, which suggests that the renewal of manpower was key to the success of the project.
Step 3: Option (A) accurately captures the essence of the renewal factor being the core reason for the project's success.
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Question: 4
From the passage, it can be inferred about the project that
From the passage, it can be inferred about the project that
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When a question asks for inferences, carefully look for references to achievements, qualities, and efforts mentioned in the passage that describe the project's success.
Updated On: Mar 7, 2025
- India had attained nothing like this before.
- Project components were developed ingeniously.
- Laudable efforts were made by the team members.
- All of the above.
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The Correct Option is D
Solution and Explanation
Step 1: The passage emphasizes that the project was a complex and innovative exercise and highlights that it demonstrated a new level of achievement, suggesting that India had not attained anything like this before.
Step 2: The project components were developed with excellent results, indicating they were ingeniously designed.
Step 3: The teamwork and contribution of the team members were highly commendable, as reflected in the successful outcomes of the project.
Step 4: Therefore, all options (A), (B), and (C) are correct, making (D) the correct answer.
Step 2: The project components were developed with excellent results, indicating they were ingeniously designed.
Step 3: The teamwork and contribution of the team members were highly commendable, as reflected in the successful outcomes of the project.
Step 4: Therefore, all options (A), (B), and (C) are correct, making (D) the correct answer.
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Question: 5
The author’s choice of the team indicated his
The author’s choice of the team indicated his
Show Hint
Pay attention to the way team selection is discussed in the passage, as it often provides insight into the author’s underlying beliefs and strategies.
Updated On: Mar 7, 2025
- lack of faith in the older generation to achieve things.
- bias towards young scientists.
- perception of the level of difficulty of the project.
- I, II and III
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The Correct Option is B
Solution and Explanation
Step 1: The passage highlights that the author selected a team of young scientists to work on the project, suggesting a preference for the younger generation.
Step 2: The passage does not explicitly indicate a lack of faith in the older generation but rather emphasizes the capabilities of the younger scientists.
Step 3: The selection of young scientists over experienced professionals suggests a strong inclination towards younger minds, supporting the idea of bias towards them.
Step 4: Thus, the correct answer is (B) bias towards younger scientists.
Step 2: The passage does not explicitly indicate a lack of faith in the older generation but rather emphasizes the capabilities of the younger scientists.
Step 3: The selection of young scientists over experienced professionals suggests a strong inclination towards younger minds, supporting the idea of bias towards them.
Step 4: Thus, the correct answer is (B) bias towards younger scientists.
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Top Questions on Reading Comprehension
“Why do they pull down and do away with crooked streets, I wonder, which are my delight, and hurt no man living? Every day the wealthier nations are pulling down one or another in their capitals and their great towns: they do not know why they do it; neither do I. It ought to be enough, surely, to drive the great broad ways which commerce needs and which are the life-channels of a modern city, without destroying all history and all the humanity in between: the islands of the past.” (From Hilaire Belloc’s “The Crooked Streets”)
Based only on the information provided in the above passage, which one of the following statements is true?
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- “His life was divided between the books, his friends, and long walks. A solitary man, he worked at all hours without much method, and probably courted his fatal illness in this way. To his own name there is not much to show; but such was his liberality that he was continually helping others, and fruits of his erudition are widely scattered, and have gone to increase many a comparative stranger’s reputation.”
(From E.V. Lucas’s “A Funeral”)
Based only on the information provided in the above passage, which one of the following statements is true?- GATE CE - 2025
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- Reading Comprehension
- Read the excerpt from a Handicrafts Manual: ‘Advanced Knitting Techniques’ and answer the following questions by choosing the most appropriate answer.
THE FAIR ISLE METHOD: Fair Isle knitting is a traditional technique that involves using two or more colours of yarn in a single row to create intricate patterns and designs. This method requires careful tension management to ensure even stitches and prevent puckering. To begin, select your colours and cast on the desired number of stitches. As you knit, alternate between colours every few stitches, carrying the unused yarn along the back of the work. Mastering the Fair Isle technique allows you to create stunning visual effects in garments, accessories, and home textiles.
THE CONTINENTAL STYLE: The Continental knitting style, often referred to as “picking,” involves holding the yarn in the left hand while the right hand manipulates the needles. This method allows for greater speed and efficiency, particularly when working with complex patterns or multiple colours. To practice this style, start by casting on your stitches and using your left hand to tension the yarn. With each stitch, simply “pick” the yarn with your right needle, forming a quick and fluid motion. As you become comfortable with this technique, you may find that your overall knitting speed and comfort improve significantly.
THE SHORT-ROW TECHNIQUE: Short-row knitting is an advanced technique that allows for the creation of shaped garments, such as sleeves and shoulders, without the need for complex shaping. To make a sleeve using this technique, begin by casting on the required number of stitches. Work a portion of the row, then turn your work and return without completing the full row to create the “short rows” that shape the curves of the sleeve. To prevent holes at the turn, wrap the stitch before you turn your work. Repeat this process as needed to achieve the desired shaping and dimension of the sleeve. Once you have shaped the sleeve, you can then sew the side seams to connect the pieces of your garment and finally, complete the edges to ensure a clean finish. This method not only helps shape curves but also adds dimension to your piece, allowing you to enhance fit and style.- AILET BALLB (Hons.) - 2025
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- Read the following passage and answer the following questions by choosing the most appropriate answer.
The Story of Coffee
Coffee, a beloved beverage enjoyed by millions around the globe, has a rich and captivating history that spans centuries. The story of coffee begins in the ancient highlands of Ethiopia, where, according to legend, a goat herder named Kaldi discovered the stimulating effects of coffee beans. One day, Kaldi noticed his goats frolicking with unusual energy after eating red berries from a certain tree. Curious, he tried the berries himself and experienced a newfound alertness. This discovery soon spread to monasteries, where monks used it to stay awake during long hours of prayer. From Ethiopia, coffee cultivation and consumption spread to the Arabian Peninsula, particularly in Yemen, where the practice of roasting coffee beans and brewing the drink began to take shape. By the 15th century, coffee had become a popular beverage in the Islamic world, with coffee houses known as ‘qahveh khaneh’ emerging as social hubs for conversation, music, and intellectual exchange. These coffee houses became centers of culture and commerce, influencing the spread of coffee to Turkey and beyond, eventually reaching Europe. In Europe, coffee initially faced resistance from religious authorities who considered it a ‘Muslim drink’ and tried to ban it. However, its popularity persisted, and by the 17th century, coffee houses had sprung up in major European cities, becoming important gathering places for artists, writers, and thinkers. The stimulating effects of coffee were embraced during the Age of Enlightenment, where it was seen as a catalyst for intellectual discussion and innovation. The journey of coffee continued with the establishment of colonial plantations in tropical regions such as the Caribbean, Central and South America, and Southeast Asia. These plantations fuelled the global demand for coffee, transforming it from a regional specialty to a major commodity. The industrial revolution further accelerated coffee production and consumption, leading to innovations in coffee brewing methods and the development of instant coffee. In the modern era, coffee has evolved into a deeply ingrained part of daily life for people worldwide. Its cultural significance spans from the bustling cafes of Paris to the quiet coffee farms of Colombia. Today, coffee remains not only a popular beverage but also a symbol of social interaction, productivity, and enjoyment. Whether sipped slowly over a conversation with friends or grabbed hastily on the way to work, the story of coffee continues to unfold, intertwining with the histories and cultures of countless societies across the globe.- AILET BALLB (Hons.) - 2025
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- Reading Comprehension
- Read the following passage and answer the following questions by choosing the most appropriate answer.
The intricate world of modern manufacturing is a web of precision and innovation, where even the tiniest components play a pivotal role. One such element, often overlooked but crucial, is the sub-subpart. Whether it’s a carpenter fashioning a bespoke piece of furniture or an automobile engineer designing the next generation of vehicles, the creation of sub-subparts is a fundamental process that demands meticulous craftsmanship and cutting-edge technology. In the realm of woodworking, carpenters frequently work with sub-subparts like dowels, screws, and hinges. These minute components may appear insignificant, yet they determine the structural integrity and functionality of the final product. Crafting a dowel, for instance, begins with selecting the appropriate wood species, followed by precision cutting and shaping. The result is a perfectly cylindrical, sturdy sub-subpart that seamlessly joins two larger pieces of wood. The advent of computer-aided design (CAD) and computer numerical control (CNC) machines has revolutionised this process, enabling carpenters to create sub-subparts with unparalleled precision.
Similarly, in the automobile industry, sub-subparts are the unsung heroes of vehicle construction. Take, for instance, the ball bearing—a minuscule but essential component in the wheels and transmission system. Manufacturing these precision-engineered spheres involves intricate processes like forging, heat treatment, and precision machining. Modern techniques such as laser cutting and 3D printing have streamlined production, ensuring that these sub-subparts meet the demanding standards of the automotive sector. The manufacturing of sub-subparts is a testament to the convergence of traditional craftsmanship and cutting-edge technology. Whether it’s a carpenter’s workshop or a high-tech automotive assembly line, the quest for perfection in sub-subpart creation remains unwavering. The attention to detail and precision required in these processes is a testament to the dedication of craftsmen and engineers alike.
To conclude, while sub-subparts may be small in size, their significance in various industries cannot be overstated. Whether it’s a carpenter working on a timeless piece of furniture or an automotive engineer striving for superior performance, the manufacturing of sub-subparts is a crucial step towards achieving excellence in craftsmanship and technology. This fusion of tradition and innovation accentuates the essence of modern manufacturing.- AILET BALLB (Hons.) - 2025
- English
- Reading Comprehension
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- I. P, Q, R, S, T, and U are the six members of a family.
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III. There are two married couples in the family.
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V. Q is a Teacher and is the mother of R.
VI. S is the grandmother of R and is a Housewife.
VII. T is the father of U and is a Doctor.
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I. Doctor is the grandfather of L who is an Accountant.
II. Clerk J is married to G.
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IV. H is the mother of L and K.
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