Question

Terrace and running water are the main features of which of the following garden?

• A. English garden
• B. Japanese garden
• C. Mughal garden
• D. Persian garden

Hint:

Key features of garden styles:
Mughal Gardens: Formal, symmetrical, terraced layouts, extensive use of running water in channels, fountains, and pools (e.g., Shalimar Bagh). Influenced by Persian gardens.
Persian Gardens: Similar emphasis on water, formality, and enclosure (Charbagh).
English Gardens: Naturalistic, informal, flowing lines.
Japanese Gardens: Symbolic, miniaturized nature, focus on rocks, water, moss.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is C

Let's consider the characteristic features of the garden styles listed:
(1) English garden: Known for its naturalistic, informal style, often featuring rolling lawns, picturesque clumps of trees, serpentine lakes, and classical follies. Terraces and formal running water channels are not primary defining features of the classic English landscape garden.
(2) Japanese garden: Characterized by symbolism, miniaturization of natural landscapes, and careful placement of rocks, water features (ponds, streams, waterfalls), moss, and specific plants. While water is key, formal "terraces and running water channels" in the style of Mughal or Persian gardens are not the defining aspect.
(3) Mughal garden: These formal gardens, influenced by Persian and Timurid traditions, are characterized by rectilinear layouts, often within walled enclosures, symmetry, and the extensive use of water features. Key elements include:
Terraces (often in Charbagh layout): Gardens are frequently laid out on terraced slopes to manage water flow and create different levels.
Running water channels (nahars): Central water channels, often with fountains, are a hallmark.
Pools, fountains, and cascades. Examples include Shalimar Bagh, Nishat Bagh in Kashmir, and gardens at the Taj Mahal.
(4) Persian garden: The historical precursor and strong influence on Mughal gardens. Persian gardens (e.g., Fin Garden) also emphasize formal layouts, enclosure, and sophisticated water systems, including channels and pools. The Charbagh (four-garden) layout is a key Persian concept. Both Mughal and Persian gardens heavily feature terraces and running water. However, "Mughal garden" specifically refers to the style developed in the Indian subcontinent under Mughal rule, which directly inherited and adapted these features. Given "Mughal garden" is an option, and it perfectly fits the description, it's the most direct answer. Mughal garden