SMART, which stands for Supersonic Missile-Assisted Release of Torpedo, is an advanced missile system developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) in India. The system is designed to launch torpedoes from submarines at a high speed, allowing for effective underwater warfare. It is a major technological advancement for the Indian Navy.
Step 1: Understanding SMART
SMART is a technological innovation in military defense, specifically for undersea combat. The missile is designed to assist in the release of torpedoes at supersonic speeds, enhancing the capabilities of the Indian Navy’s submarine fleet.
Step 2: Identification of the Correct Organization
DRDO is the premier organization responsible for developing various defense technologies in India, including missiles, radar, and torpedo systems.
ISRO is involved in space research and development, so it is not connected to missile defense systems.
BDL (Bharat Dynamics Limited) is a manufacturer of missiles but does not develop the technology itself.
BEL (Bharat Electronics Limited) is involved in electronics and defense equipment manufacturing but does not develop missiles like SMART. Therefore, DRDO is the organization behind the development of SMART.
Criminology is the scientific and jurisprudential study of crime, criminal behaviour, and the penal response of the state. It operates at the intersection of law, sociology, psychology, and public policy. Its foundational principle is nullum crimen sine lege, nulla poena sine lege, stressing that there is no crime nor punishment without a pre-existing law. Traditional criminology was shaped by the Classical School, emphasizing free will and rationality. Influenced by Bentham’s utilitarianism, it viewed punishment as a deterrent mechanism, echoing audi alteram partem in demanding procedural fairness. In contrast, the Positivist School, focused on biological, psychological, and sociological causes of criminality, thereby shifting from retributive justice to rehabilitative models.
Modern criminology encompasses diverse domains like victimology, penology, white-collar crime, cybercrime, and transnational offences. The traditional ele ments of crime, mens rea and actus reus remain crucial. However, strict liability offences and corporate crimes often challenge this binary. With the advent of globalization, criminology now interfaces with international criminal law, human rights jurisprudence, and restorative justice. It aims to reintegrate the offender and provide restitution to victims. Furthermore, critical criminology interrogates how law disproportionately penalizes marginalized groups, reflecting concerns of penal populism, mass incarceration, and criminalization of poverty. This evolving discipline critiques not just criminal behaviour but the social construction of de viance itself.