First, we have to show that \((i) ⇔ (ii).\)
Let \(A ⊂ B\)
To show: \(A – B \ne\phi\)
If possible, suppose \(A – B \ne\phi\)
This means that there exists \(x ∈ A, x ≠ B\), which is not possible as \(A ⊂ B.\)
\(∴ A – B = \phi\)
\(∴ A ⊂ B ⇒ A – B = \phi\)
Let \(A – B = \phi\)
To show: \(A ⊂ B\)
Let \(x ∈ A\)
Clearly, \(x ∈ B\) because if \(x ∉ B\), then \(A – B ≠ \phi\)
\(∴ A – B = \phi ⇒ A ⊂ B\)
\(∴ (i) ⇔ (ii)\)
Let \(A ⊂ B\)
To show: \(A ∪ B = B\)
Clearly, \(B ⊂ A ∪ B\)
Let \(x ∈ A ∪ B\)
\(⇒ x ∈ A \space or x ∈ B\)
Case I: \(x ∈ A\)
\(⇒ x ∈ B [∴ A ⊂ B]\)
\(∴ A ∪ B ⊂ B\)
Case II: \(x ∈ B\)
Then, \(A ∪ B = B\)
Conversely, let \(A ∪ B = B\)
Let \(x ∈ A\)
\(⇒ x ∈ A ∪ B\) \([∴ A ⊂ A ∪ B]\)
\(⇒ x ∈ B\) \([ ∴ A ∪ B = B]\)
\(∴ A ⊂ B\)
Hence, \((i) ⇔ (iii)\)
Now, we have to show that \((i) ⇔ (iv).\)
Let \(A ⊂ B\)
Clearly \(A ∩ B ⊂ A\)
Let \(x ∈ A\)
We have to show that \(x ∈ A ∩ B\)
As \(A ⊂ B, x ∈ B\)
\(∴ x ∈ A ∩ B\)
\(∴ A ⊂ A ∩ B\)
Hence, \(A = A ∩ B\)
Conversely, suppose. \(A ∩ B = A\)
Let \(x ∈ A\)
\(⇒ x ∈ A ∩ B\)
\(⇒ x ∈ A\) and \(x ∈ B\)
\(⇒ x ∈ B\)
\(∴ A ⊂ B\)
Hence, \((i) ⇔ (iv).\)
Figures 9.20(a) and (b) refer to the steady flow of a (non-viscous) liquid. Which of the two figures is incorrect ? Why ?
Some important operations on sets include union, intersection, difference, and the complement of a set, a brief explanation of operations on sets is as follows:
1. Union of Sets:
2. Intersection of Sets:
3.Set Difference:
4.Set Complement: