Question

Which of the following is not a Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD)?

• A. Chlamydiasis
• B. Filariasis
• C. Genital herpes
• D. Trichomoniasis
• A. They are considered safe during the first trimester.
• B. It is legalized in India from 1971.
• C. MTP can be performed even after 24 weeks with the opinion of 2 registered medical practitioners.MTP can be performed even after 24 weeks, but with the opinion of 2 registered medical practitioners on specific grounds.
• D. About 20% of the total number of conceived pregnancies undergo MTP globally.
• A. (A) - (III), (B) - (I), (C) - (II), (D) - (IV)
• B. (A) - (III), (B) - (I), (C) - (IV), (D) - (II)
• C. (A) - (II), (B) - (III), (C) - (IV), (D) - (I)
• D. (A) - (IV), (B) - (III), (C) - (I), (D) - (II)
• A. IUDs
• B. Lactational amenorrhea
• C. Vasectomy
• D. Condoms
• A. AIIMS
• B. NBRI
• C. CDRI
• D. NBPGR

Answer 1

The Correct Option is B

To determine which of the following is not a sexually transmitted disease (STD), we need to examine the options provided in the context of common knowledge about diseases and transmission methods: 

• Chlamydiasis: An infection caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis, transmitted through sexual contact, thus qualifying as an STD.
• Filariasis: A parasitic disease caused by an infection with roundworms of the Filarioidea type. It is spread by blood-feeding black flies and mosquitoes, therefore, it is not an STD.
• Genital herpes: A sexually transmitted infection caused by the herpes simplex virus. It spreads from sexual contact, making it an STD.
• Trichomoniasis: A sexually transmitted infection caused by a parasite, transmitted through sexual contact, and hence an STD.

From this analysis, it is clear that Filariasis is not transmitted sexually and therefore is not a sexually transmitted disease (STD).

Answer 2

(1) Chlamydiasis

Chlamydiasis is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. It can affect both men and women and is one of the most common STDs.

(2) Filariasis

Filariasis is a disease caused by parasitic worms called filarial worms. It is transmitted through mosquito bites and is not a sexually transmitted disease. Filariasis can lead to conditions such as elephantiasis.

(3) Genital herpes

Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). It can cause painful sores and blisters on or around the genitals.

(4) Trichomoniasis

Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. It can affect both men and women and often causes symptoms such as itching and discharge.

Conclusion

Based on the explanations above, the disease that is not sexually transmitted is:

• (2) Filariasis

Therefore, the correct answer is (2) Filariasis.

Answer 3

The question involves identifying the incorrect statement about Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP). Let's examine each option to find the incorrect one.

• Statement: "They are considered safe during the first trimester."
  Explanation: MTPs are generally safer when performed during the first trimester of pregnancy, as complications tend to be lower compared to later stages. Hence, this statement is correct.
• Statement: "It is legalized in India from 1971."
  Explanation: The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act was enacted by Parliament in 1971, legalizing it under specific conditions. Thus, this statement is correct.
• Statement: "MTP can be performed even after 24 weeks with the opinion of 2 registered medical practitioners on specific grounds."
  Explanation: As per the amended MTP Act, in exceptional cases and with recommendations from two qualified practitioners, MTP can be conducted beyond 24 weeks based on certain criteria. So, this statement is accurate.
• Statement: "About 20% of the total number of conceived pregnancies undergo MTP globally."
  Explanation: The global statistic on the percentage of pregnancies terminated via MTP does not align precisely with 20%. Therefore, this statement is incorrect.

The incorrect statement identified is: "About 20% of the total number of conceived pregnancies undergo MTP globally."

Answer 4

(1) They are considered safe during the first trimester.

This statement is correct. Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) is generally considered safe when performed during the first trimester (up to 12 weeks of pregnancy).

(2) It is legalized in India from 1971.

This statement is correct. MTP was legalized in India with the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act in 1971.

(3) MTP can be performed even after 24 weeks, but with the opinion of 2 registered medical practitioners on specific grounds.

This statement is correct. According to the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act in India, MTP can be performed after 24 weeks with the opinion of two registered medical practitioners on specific grounds, such as severe fetal abnormalities or risks to the woman's life.

(4) About 20% of the total number of conceived pregnancies undergo MTP in a year globally.

This statement is incorrect. The global rate of MTP varies significantly by region and country, and it is not accurate to state that about 20% of all pregnancies globally undergo MTP. The actual rates are influenced by various factors, including access to healthcare, cultural attitudes, and legal restrictions.

Conclusion

The incorrect statement is (4) About 20% of the total number of conceived pregnancies undergo MTP in a year globally.

Answer 5

In order to correctly match List-I with List-II, we must understand the various Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) mentioned in the question:

• ZIFT (Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer): This involves transferring a fertilized egg with up to 8 blastomeres into the fallopian tube, aligning with (III).
• ICSI (Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection): This process involves the direct injection of sperm into an ovum to form an embryo in vitro, aligning with (I).
• IUI (Intrauterine Insemination): Semen from a healthy donor is artificially transferred into the uterus, aligning with (IV).
• IUT (Intrafallopian Uterine Transfer): This refers to transferring an embryo with more than 8 blastomeres into the uterus, aligning with (II).

By matching these processes with the corresponding assisted reproductive technologies, we derive the following answers:

List-I	List-II
(A) ZIFT	(III)
(B) ICSI	(I)
(C) IUI	(IV)
(D) IUT	(II)

Therefore, the correct answer is: (A) - (III), (B) - (I), (C) - (IV), (D) - (II)

Answer 6

To solve the problem of matching List-I with List-II for various Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART), we need to understand the definitions and processes involved in each technology listed: 

1. ZIFT (Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer): This process involves transferring a fertilized egg up to 8 blastomeres into the fallopian tube. Therefore, it matches with (III).
2. ICSI (Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection): In this procedure, a single sperm is injected directly into an ovum to form an embryo in vitro. Thus, it corresponds to (I).
3. IUI (Intrauterine Insemination): This method involves the transfer of semen from a healthy donor directly into the uterus artificially, matching it with (IV).
4. IUT (Intrauterine Transfer): This involves transferring an embryo with more than 8 blastomeres into the uterus. Hence, it matches with (II).

Therefore, the correct option is: (A) - (III), (B) - (I), (C) - (IV), (D) - (II).

Answer 7

The question asks which method of contraception is not meant for females. Let's analyze the options:

• IUDs (Intrauterine Devices): These are small devices inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy and are meant for females.
• Lactational amenorrhea: This is a natural form of contraception that occurs in breastfeeding women, so it is also meant for females.
• Vasectomy: This is a surgical procedure for male sterilization or permanent contraception. It is not meant for females.
• Condoms: While often used by men, female condoms are available as well, so this method can apply to both genders.

Based on the above analysis, the method of contraception not meant for females is Vasectomy.

Answer 8

(1) IUDs 

Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are a form of contraception that is specifically meant for females. They are inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy.

(2) Lactational amenorrhea

Lactational amenorrhea is a natural form of contraception that occurs in females. It refers to the temporary cessation of menstruation due to breastfeeding, which can prevent ovulation and pregnancy.

(3) Vasectomy

Vasectomy is a surgical procedure that involves cutting or sealing the vas deferens in males to prevent sperm from entering the ejaculate. This method of contraception is specifically meant for males.

(4) Condoms

Condoms are a barrier method of contraception that can be used by both males and females. They prevent pregnancy by blocking the transfer of sperm during sexual intercourse.

Conclusion

The method of contraception that is not meant for females is (3) Vasectomy.

Answer 9

The oral contraceptive pill ‘Saheli’, known as the ‘Once a week’ pill, was developed by the Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI). CDRI is an eminent research institute in India known for its contributions to pharmaceuticals and drug development.

India, being a pioneer in addressing reproductive health, started national programmes in 1951. These programmes evolved into broader initiatives, including family planning strategies to promote reproductive health.

Understanding the agencies involved in such developments is essential for recognizing the entities contributing to national health goals.

Therefore, the correct option is CDRI.

Answer 10

(1) AIIMS

AIIMS (All India Institute of Medical Sciences) is a renowned medical institution in India, but it was not involved in the development of the Saheli oral contraceptive pill.

(2) NBRI

NBRI (National Botanical Research Institute) is a scientific research institution in India, but it was not involved in the development of the Saheli oral contraceptive pill.

(3) CDRI 

CDRI (Central Drug Research Institute) in Lucknow, India, is the correct answer. Dr. Nitya Anand, who was associated with CDRI, developed the Saheli oral contraceptive pill[^9^][^10^][^18^][^19^][^20^][^23^]. Saheli, also known as Centchroman, is the world's first non-steroidal, non-hormonal oral contraceptive pill[^18^].

(4) NBPGR

NBPGR (National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources) is an organization focused on plant genetic resources and was not involved in the development of the Saheli oral contraceptive pill.

Conclusion

The correct answer is (3) CDRI, as Saheli was developed by Dr. Nitya Anand at the Central Drug Research Institute[^9^][^10^][^18^][^19^][^20^][^23^].