Comprehension
Read the passage and answer the following questions:
Organic agriculture offers a means to substitute costlier agricultural inputs (such as HYV seeds. chemical fertilisers, pesticides etc.) with locally produced organic inputs that are cheaper and thereby generate good returns on investment. Organic agriculture also generates income through exports as the demand for organically grown crops is on a rise. Studies across countries have shown that organically grown food has more nutritional value than chemical farming thus providing us with healthy foods. Since organic farming requires more labour input than conventional farming, India will find organic farming an attractive proposition. Finally. the produce is pesticide-free and produced in an environmentally sustainable way.
Popularising organic farming requires awareness and willingness on the part of farmers to adapt to new technology. Inadequate infrastructure and the problem of marketing the products are major concerns which need to be addressed apart from an appropriate agriculture policy to promote organic farming. It has been observed that the yields from organic farming are less than modern agricultural farming in the initial years. Therefore, small and marginal farmers may find it difficult to adapt to large-scale production. Organic produce may also have more blemishes and a shorter shelf life than sprayed produce. Moreover, choice in production of off-season crops is quite limited in organic farming. Nevertheless, organic farming helps in sustainable development of agriculture and India has a clear advantage in producing organic products for both domestic and international markets. Do you think food and non-food items cultivated using organic farming methods will be cheaper?
Organic agriculture offers a means to substitute costlier agricultural inputs (such as HYV seeds. chemical fertilisers, pesticides etc.) with locally produced organic inputs that are cheaper and thereby generate good returns on investment. Organic agriculture also generates income through exports as the demand for organically grown crops is on a rise. Studies across countries have shown that organically grown food has more nutritional value than chemical farming thus providing us with healthy foods. Since organic farming requires more labour input than conventional farming, India will find organic farming an attractive proposition. Finally. the produce is pesticide-free and produced in an environmentally sustainable way.
Popularising organic farming requires awareness and willingness on the part of farmers to adapt to new technology. Inadequate infrastructure and the problem of marketing the products are major concerns which need to be addressed apart from an appropriate agriculture policy to promote organic farming. It has been observed that the yields from organic farming are less than modern agricultural farming in the initial years. Therefore, small and marginal farmers may find it difficult to adapt to large-scale production. Organic produce may also have more blemishes and a shorter shelf life than sprayed produce. Moreover, choice in production of off-season crops is quite limited in organic farming. Nevertheless, organic farming helps in sustainable development of agriculture and India has a clear advantage in producing organic products for both domestic and international markets. Do you think food and non-food items cultivated using organic farming methods will be cheaper?
Question: 1
Which one of the following is not a disadvantage of organic farming?
Which one of the following is not a disadvantage of organic farming?
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When evaluating disadvantages, ensure you check the context provided in the passage for any statements that seem contradictory.
Updated On: Feb 15, 2025
- Organic farming yields lesser crops compared to modern agricultural farming.
- Organic farming generates marginal returns on investment.
- Organic farming requires more labour input than conventional farming.
- Organic farming produces are blemished with shorter shelf life.
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The Correct Option is C
Solution and Explanation
Organic farming is known to require more labor input compared to conventional farming because it avoids the use of synthetic chemicals, pesticides, and fertilizers. This means that farmers need to rely more on manual labor, crop rotation, and other natural methods to manage pests and maintain soil health.
Option (3) "Organic farming requires more labour input than conventional farming" is correct because it is indeed one of the known disadvantages of organic farming.
Option (1) "Organic farming yields lesser crops compared to modern agricultural farming" is often true in the initial years of organic farming, though it can improve over time.
Option (2) "Organic farming generates marginal returns on investment" is incorrect. Organic farming can sometimes generate good returns by reducing input costs such as synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, though returns can vary based on location and market demand.
Option (4) "Organic farming produces are blemished with shorter shelf life" is another disadvantage as organic products often have a shorter shelf life and may have visible imperfections.
Conclusion:
The statement "Organic farming requires more labour input than conventional farming" is indeed a disadvantage of organic farming, and this makes option (3) the correct choice.
Option (3) "Organic farming requires more labour input than conventional farming" is correct because it is indeed one of the known disadvantages of organic farming.
Option (1) "Organic farming yields lesser crops compared to modern agricultural farming" is often true in the initial years of organic farming, though it can improve over time.
Option (2) "Organic farming generates marginal returns on investment" is incorrect. Organic farming can sometimes generate good returns by reducing input costs such as synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, though returns can vary based on location and market demand.
Option (4) "Organic farming produces are blemished with shorter shelf life" is another disadvantage as organic products often have a shorter shelf life and may have visible imperfections.
Conclusion:
The statement "Organic farming requires more labour input than conventional farming" is indeed a disadvantage of organic farming, and this makes option (3) the correct choice.
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Question: 2
Choose the word from the option that means:
\(\textit{'Small and not important'} \)
Choose the word from the option that means:
\(\textit{'Small and not important'} \)
\(\textit{'Small and not important'} \)
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When looking for a synonym, pay attention to the context and choose the word that best fits the meaning of being small or insignificant.
Updated On: Feb 15, 2025
- Labour
- Inadequate
- Marginal
- Domestic
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The Correct Option is C
Solution and Explanation
The word "marginal" means small, insignificant, or not important, which fits the description given in the question.
"Labour" (1) refers to work or physical effort and does not match the meaning of small or insignificant.
"Inadequate" (2) refers to something being insufficient, not small or unimportant.
"Domestic" (4) refers to something related to home or household, not small or unimportant.
Conclusion: The correct word is "marginal," which means small and not important.
"Labour" (1) refers to work or physical effort and does not match the meaning of small or insignificant.
"Inadequate" (2) refers to something being insufficient, not small or unimportant.
"Domestic" (4) refers to something related to home or household, not small or unimportant.
Conclusion: The correct word is "marginal," which means small and not important.
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Question: 3
Identify the word that means:
\(\textit{"involving the use of natural products and energy in a way that does not harm the environment."} \)
Identify the word that means:
\(\textit{"involving the use of natural products and energy in a way that does not harm the environment."} \)
\(\textit{"involving the use of natural products and energy in a way that does not harm the environment."} \)
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"Sustainable" is often used in environmental contexts, referring to practices that can be maintained long-term without negative consequences.
Updated On: Feb 15, 2025
- Sustainable
- Organic
- Nutritional
- Locally
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The Correct Option is A
Solution and Explanation
"Sustainable" refers to practices that do not deplete resources or harm the environment, fitting the description in the question.
"Organic" (2) refers to farming methods that avoid synthetic chemicals but does not specifically cover environmental sustainability.
"Nutritional" (3) refers to the value of food and health benefits, not environmental impact.
"Locally" (4) refers to something being produced within a particular area, not related to sustainability or environmental impact.
Conclusion: The word "sustainable" is the correct term, as it refers to methods that avoid environmental harm.
"Organic" (2) refers to farming methods that avoid synthetic chemicals but does not specifically cover environmental sustainability.
"Nutritional" (3) refers to the value of food and health benefits, not environmental impact.
"Locally" (4) refers to something being produced within a particular area, not related to sustainability or environmental impact.
Conclusion: The word "sustainable" is the correct term, as it refers to methods that avoid environmental harm.
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Question: 4
Small and marginal farmers find it difficult to adapt large-scale production because:
Small and marginal farmers find it difficult to adapt large-scale production because:
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When considering challenges in organic farming, focus on factors like initial yield and market readiness, which are specifically mentioned in the passage.
Updated On: Feb 15, 2025
- they do not use HYV seeds.
- they do not use modern technology.
- the yield is limited in the initial years.
- Organic produce has blemishes and shorter shelf life.
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The Correct Option is C
Solution and Explanation
The passage mentions that organic farming yields less than modern farming in the initial years, making it difficult for small and marginal farmers to adapt to large-scale production.
The other options are not directly cited as reasons for difficulty in adapting to large-scale production in the passage.
"Limited yield in the initial years" (3) is the key factor that challenges farmers.
Conclusion: Small and marginal farmers struggle with large-scale organic production because of limited yields in the early years.
The other options are not directly cited as reasons for difficulty in adapting to large-scale production in the passage.
"Limited yield in the initial years" (3) is the key factor that challenges farmers.
Conclusion: Small and marginal farmers struggle with large-scale organic production because of limited yields in the early years.
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Question: 5
Which of the following statements is true:
Which of the following statements is true:
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Be careful with statements that sound too broad; in this case, marketing problems and agricultural policy are key to understanding organic farming challenges.
Updated On: Feb 15, 2025
- Organic farming is free from agricultural policy.
- Organic farming products have a shorter shelf life.
- Organic farming is inexpensive.
- Organic farming is free from marketing problems.
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The Correct Option is B
Solution and Explanation
The passage mentions that organic produce has a shorter shelf life, which makes statement (2) true.
Statement (1) is false as organic farming requires an appropriate agriculture policy, which is mentioned as a requirement.
Statement (3) is not true, as the passage suggests organic farming may not be inexpensive due to its higher labor input.
Statement (4) is incorrect because marketing organic products is a significant challenge, as mentioned in the passage.
Conclusion: The correct statement is that organic farming products have a shorter shelf life.
Statement (1) is false as organic farming requires an appropriate agriculture policy, which is mentioned as a requirement.
Statement (3) is not true, as the passage suggests organic farming may not be inexpensive due to its higher labor input.
Statement (4) is incorrect because marketing organic products is a significant challenge, as mentioned in the passage.
Conclusion: The correct statement is that organic farming products have a shorter shelf life.
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Question: 6
Which of the following statements is false:
Which of the following statements is false:
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Pay attention to the details about technology usage in organic farming—it often uses alternative technologies, but not synthetic ones.
Updated On: Feb 15, 2025
- Organic agriculture uses locally produced inputs.
- Organic agriculture is technology free.
- Organic agriculture generates income.
- Organic food is more nutritious than chemically farmed foods.
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The Correct Option is B
Solution and Explanation
Organic agriculture does use some technology, such as organic inputs and farming techniques, but it avoids synthetic chemicals and pesticides.
Statement (2) is false because the passage does not describe organic farming as technology-free.
Statement (1) is true as organic farming uses locally produced inputs.
Statement (3) is true as organic agriculture generates income through exports.
Statement (4) is true, as studies show organic food has more nutritional value.
Conclusion: The false statement is that organic agriculture is technology-free.
Statement (2) is false because the passage does not describe organic farming as technology-free.
Statement (1) is true as organic farming uses locally produced inputs.
Statement (3) is true as organic agriculture generates income through exports.
Statement (4) is true, as studies show organic food has more nutritional value.
Conclusion: The false statement is that organic agriculture is technology-free.
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Top Questions on Reading Comprehension
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Biological classification of plants and animals was first proposed by Aristotle on the basis of simple morphological characters. Linnaeus later classified all living organisms into two kingdoms- Plantae and Animalia. Whittaker proposed an claborate five kingdom classification- Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. The main criteria of the five kingdom classification were cell structure, body organisation, mode of nutrition and reproduction. and phylogenetic relationships.
In the five kingdom classification. bacteria are included in Kingdom Monera. Bacteria are cosmopolitan in distribution. These organisms show the most extensive metabolic diversity. Bacteria may be autotrophic or heterotrophic in their mode of nutrition. Kingdom Protista includes all single-celled eukaryotes such as Chrysophytes. Dinoflagellates. Euglenoids. Slime-moulds and Protozoans. Protists have defined nucleus and other membrane bound organelles. They reproduce both asexually and sexually. Members of Kingdom Fungi show a great diversity in structures and habitat. Most Fungi are saprophytic in their mode of nutrition. They show asexual and sexual reproduction. Phycomycetes. Ascomycetes. Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes are the four classes under this kingdom. The plantae includes all eukaryotic chlorophyll-containing organisms. Algae. bryophytes. pteridophytes. gymnosperms and angiosperms are included in this group. The life cycle of plants exhibit alternation of generations- gametophytic and sporophytic generations. The heterotrophic eukaryotic, multicellular organisms lacking a cell wall are included in the kingdom Animalia. The mode of nutrition of these organisms is holozoic. They reproduce mostly by the sexual mode. Some acellular organisms like viruses and viroids as well as the lichens are not included in the five kingdom system of classification.- NIFT - 2024
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Who decides which constituency is to be reserved? On what basis is this decision taken? This decision is taken by an independent body called the Delimitation Commission. The Delimitation Commission is appointed by the President of India and works in collaboration with the Election Commission of India. It is appointed for the purpose of drawing up the boundaries of constituencies all over the country. A quota of constituencies to be reserved in each State is f ixed depending on the proportion of SC or ST in that State. After drawing the boundaries. the Delimitation Commission looks at the composition of population in each constituency. Those constituencies that have the highest proportion of Scheduled Tribe population are reserved for ST. In the case of Scheduled Castes, the Delimitation Commission looks at two things. It picks constituencies that have higher proportion of Scheduled Caste population. But it also spreads these constituencies in different regions of the State. This is done because the Scheduled Caste population is generally spread evenly throughout the country. These reserved constituencies can be rotated each time the Delimitation exercise is undertaken- NIFT - 2024
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Drug major Novartis is planning to divest its Indian eyecare portfolio to Mumbaibased JB Chemicals, in a deal estimated to be around ¥ 1.000 crore. The Novartis spin-off will join the list of several MNCs pruning their drug portfolios and reducing exposure to the Indian market, due to multiple reasons. including increased competition and tough business environment. Sources say the move fits well with the MNC’s strategy to capitalize its ophthalmic therapy, while for JB Chemicals it will offer an entry into a growing business segment.
Over last few months, global Big Pharma have been divesting their branded generic portfolio to domestic companies and rationalizing their portfolio by selling off key assets. Further, large Indian players are doubling down on India as an attractive diversification from a USgenerics market beaten up heavily by price erosion. As a consequence, several deals were inked where Indian companies snapped up high-growth brands from MNCs and local sellers at attractive valuations. The deal is expected to be announced over the next few days. Emails sent across to Novartis and JB Chemicals did not elicit a response. Ageing population and increasing access to eyecare. especially in emerging markets, is a strong growth opportunity for drug companies. The demand for eyecare is expected to increase significantly as people spend more time in front of tablets and mobile devices. Sources added that existing eyecare portfolio in India of Novartis is understood to be around Z 400-500 crore. including certain brands transferred from eyecare biggie Alcon. when it was spun off from Novartis. In 2019 under a global restructuring move, Novartis had spun off Alcon into a standalone business to focus on its core area of pharmaceuticals. Alcon is a global leader in eyecare, offering solutions to issues like cataracts, glaucoma., retinal diseases and refractive errors.
The stock market seems to have got a wind of the potential deal. Over the last few days. scrips of both Novartis India and JB Chem have witnessed a spurt. On December 7, JB Chem traded on a new 52-week high at Z 1555, while Novartis India stock closed Z 706 on Friday. Further. Novartis had last year announced the transfer of sales & distribution of a few of its established medicines, including the Voveran and Calcium range to Dr.Reddy’s.- NIFT - 2024
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Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) reported weak growth through HIFY24 but it witnessed a boost in embedded value (EV) due to equity market performance. But concerns regarding its stock include loss of market share as it is outpaced by private sector rivals. sticky operating expenses (reduced slightly yearon-year but up in Q2FY24 versus Q1FY24). and high sensitivity of embedded value to equity volatility.
Traders may also factor in the likelthood of another stake sale by the Government of India. These concerns are reflected in valuations. LIC trades at a big discount in price/EV terms (less than 1x) compared to private sector rivals (mostly 3x or more). Growth is healthy on a sequential basis but weak on a Y-0-Y basis. The individual annualized premium equivalent (APE) in HIF’Y24 was flat Y-0-Y at Z 14,640 crore, whereas the group APE was down by 24.5 percent Y-0-Y to Z 7.990 crore. Policies that provide policyholders a share of the insurance company’s profits as an annual dividend payout are also called par or with-profit policies.
The VNB (value of new business) margin was flat on a Y-0-Y basis despite the rise in share of non-par business. which is margin positive. The VNB margin for HIFY24 was 14.61 percent against 14.58 percent in HIFY23. Though the rise in share of non-par products had a positive impact on the VNB margin. more benefits were given to policyholders, particularly for annuity. which pulled margins down again.
The product mix shift to non-par should push the VNB margin up in the long-term. But competitive intensity meant product pricing had to be low-margin and more benefits were offered to policyholders. The annuity rates have also been increased. The overall APE dropped 10.3 percent over the past year to ¥ 22.630 crore. The individual business accounted for 64.7 percent of the APE. The individual APE was flat Y-o-Y, whereas the group business dropped 24.5 percent.
The solvency ratio is adequate. and the movement to non-par is positive for margins. But further loss of market share would occur unless LIC pushes up growth rates to match rivals. It’s hard to estimate EV trends. Valuations are cheap which leaves room for some upside.- NIFT - 2024
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India didn’t sign the Global Renewables and Energy Efficiency Pledge that aims to triple global renewable energy capacity and double the rate of energy efficiency by 2030. That’s despite having successfully ensured a commitment to the aspiration by the G20 in the New Delhi Leaders’ Declaration.
India has a domestic target of increasing its renewable energy capacity to 450GW from its current level of 130GW by 2030.
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