Question

Present a brief note on cotton cultivation in India.

Hint:

While cotton is a crucial crop, sustainable farming practices and better pest management techniques are essential to maintain soil health and increase yields.

Answer 1

Cotton is one of the most important cash crops in India, contributing significantly to the economy and textile industry. It is often called the "King of Fibres" due to its role in providing raw material for India's booming textile sector. Cotton cultivation in India is influenced by climatic, geographical, and agronomical factors.
Climatic and Soil Requirements:
- Cotton thrives in tropical and subtropical climates. The crop requires a warm climate with temperatures ranging from 20°C to 30°C for optimal growth.
- It requires an annual rainfall of around 50–100 cm, which is well distributed. Cotton is usually grown in dry regions with adequate irrigation facilities.
- The soil should be well-drained, preferably black soil (regur soil) which retains moisture and nutrients. Other soils like red and sandy soils can also support cotton but require good irrigation.
Main Cotton Producing States:
1. Maharashtra: The leading producer, especially in Vidarbha and Marathwada regions.
2. Gujarat: Known for its high-quality cotton, particularly in Saurashtra and Kutch regions.
3. Telangana and Andhra Pradesh: Major producers with favorable irrigation systems and weather conditions.
4. Punjab and Haryana: Known for increased use of modern farming techniques and irrigation.
5. Madhya Pradesh: Recently emerged as a key cotton-producing state.
Cotton Growing Seasons:
- Cotton is a Kharif crop, sown in June and harvested in October to December, coinciding with the monsoon season.
- Irrigated cotton can be grown in the Rabi season in certain parts of India, though it's less common.
Challenges in Cotton Cultivation:
1. Water Scarcity: Cotton cultivation requires large amounts of water, especially during dry spells, leading to water stress in some regions.
2. Pests and Diseases: Cotton is susceptible to pests like the cotton bollworm and diseases like leaf curl virus, which can significantly reduce yields.
3. Soil Degradation: Overuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has led to soil depletion in some areas.
4. Market Issues: Farmers face fluctuating prices, which affects their income and decision-making regarding cotton production.
Government Initiatives:
- The Government of India has introduced the National Cotton Mission to boost production through better seeds, technology, and improved irrigation systems.
- Subsidies and support price schemes help stabilize farmers' income.