Polyethylene glycol method is used for
- biodiesel production
- seedless fruit production
- energy production from sewage
- gene transfer without a vector.
The Correct Option is D
Solution and Explanation
Direct gene transfer is the transfer of naked DNA into plant cells, but the presence of a rigid plant cell wall acts as a barrier to uptake. Thus, protoplasts are the favored target for direct gene transfer. Polyethylene glycol-mediated DNA uptake is a direct gene transfer method that uses the interaction between PEG, naked DNA, salts and the protoplast membrane to affect the transportation of DNA into the cytoplasm.
- Plant cells have rigid cell walls that inhibit the process of gene transfer.
- There are various techniques to transform plant cells when they are in the protoplast stage.
- Before the protoplast regenerates the cell wall, direct gene transfer is carried out.
- PEG method is an efficient method of transforming plant cells by direct gene transfer.
- PEG transfer stimulates uptake of liposomes and improves the efficiency of electroporation.
- PEG transformation is preferred over electroporation in monocot protoplasts as it has comparatively higher survival rates post-treatment.
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Concepts Used:
Polymers of Commercial Importance
- Polypropene is formed by the repetitive joining of propene. Propene is the monomer of Polypropene. It is used in the preparation of different materials like fibres, ropes, pipes etc.
- Polystyrene is formed from aromatic hydrocarbons, styrene is its monomer. It is used as a wrapping material to provide coverage to important materials, cabinets of television, in making radios.
- Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) is formed by combining a large number of molecules of vinyl chloride. Vinyl chloride is its monomer. It is used in making raincoats and especially in water pipes.
- Glyptal is a synthetic polymer that is formed by monomers of Ethylene glycol and Phthalic acid. It is used in the manufacturing of paints, fabrics, lacquers etc.
- Bakelite is known as Polyoxybenzylmethylenglycolanhydride. Phenol and Formaldehyde are used as monomers to produce bakelite which is formed by the condensation reaction of these monomers.
- Natural Rubber is composed of polyisoprene molecules linked together to form an elastomeric structure. Natural rubber is used for various purposes like making tyres, rubber bands, lid grippers etc.
- Polypropylene is a hydrocarbon polymer that has a linear structure. It is a multifaceted polymer as it has properties of plastic as well as fibre and hence is used for multi-purposes. Propylene is the monomer of polypropylene.
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Neoprene is formed from chloroprene. It is prepared by free radical polymerisation. The monomer of neoprene is chloroprene. It is used for preparing gaskets, conveyor belts etc.