Nayanars were a group of Tamil saints dedicated to the worship of Lord Shiva. They were instrumental in the Bhakti movement from the 7th to the 9th century AD in South India.
The Bhakti movement was characterized by the intense passionate devotion towards a personal god, and Nayanars chose Shiva as their deity. They expressed their deep devotion through hymns and poems, which later contributed significantly to Tamil literature.
Hence, the correct answer is Shiva.
The Nayanars were a group of Tamil saints and poets who were deeply devoted to Lord Shiva. They played a significant role in the Bhakti movement in Tamil Nadu during the early medieval period. The Nayanars emphasized the personal devotion and love for Shiva, challenging the formal rituals and advocating for a direct connection with the divine.
They composed devotional hymns known as the Tevaram, which are a key part of Tamil religious literature. These hymns express their deep emotional connection to Lord Shiva, often reflecting themes of love, devotion, and surrender. The Nayanars were from different social backgrounds, including brahmins, farmers, and outcasts, which highlighted the inclusivity of the Bhakti movement.
The Nayanars’ contributions helped spread the idea of Bhakti across India and influenced subsequent generations of religious and social reformers. Their devotion and poetry continue to be revered in Tamil culture, and their legacy remains integral to the spiritual and cultural history of Tamil Nadu.
Declining a Royal Gift
This excerpt from a sufi text describes the proceedings at Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya’s hospice in 1313 : I (the author, Amir Hasan Sijzi) had the good fortune of kissing his (Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya’s) feet ... At this time a local ruler had sent him the deed of ownership to two gardens and much land, along with the provisions and tools for their maintenance. The ruler had also made it clear that he was relinquishing all his rights to both the gardens and land. The master ... had not accepted that gift. Instead, he had lamented: “What have I to do with gardens and fields and lands ? ... None of our ... spiritual masters had engaged in such activity.”
Then he told an appropriate story: “... Sultan Ghiyasuddin, who at that time was still known as Ulugh Khan, came to visit Shaikh Fariduddin (and) offered some money and ownership deeds for four villages to the Shaikh, the money being for the benefit of the dervishes (sufis), and the land for his use. Smiling, Shaikh al Islam (Fariduddin) said: ‘Give me the money. I will dispense it to the dervishes. But as for those land deeds, keep them. There are many who long for them. Give them away to such persons.’”