In modern contract law, a contract can be formed through electronic communication such as emails or letters, provided that all essential elements (offer, acceptance, intention to create legal relations, and consideration) are met. The absence of a formal, signed written agreement does not invalidate an unconditional acceptance or the contract if the parties have clearly agreed to the terms.
- Option a) is correct because offers and acceptances can validly occur through email.
- Option b) is correct because a contract can be binding even without a formal written agreement if there is unconditional acceptance communicated.
- Option c) is correct as both options a) and b) are valid.
Thus, the correct answer is c) Both a) and b).
Offenses | Sections |
(A) Voyeurism | (1) Section 77 |
(B) Word, gesture or act intended to insult the modesty of a woman | (2) Section 79 |
(C) Stalking | (3) Section 75 |
(D) Sexual Harassment | (4) Section 78 |
(A) Conditions for a Hindu Marriage | (i) Section 13 |
(B) Registration of Hindu Marriage | (ii) Section 10 |
(C) Judicial Separation | (iii) Section 5 |
(D) Divorce | (iv) Section 8 |
I. Arbitration of excepted matters | 1. A. Ayyasamy v. A. Paramasivam, (2016) 10 SCC 386 |
II. Conditional Arbitration Clauses | 2. In re - Interplay between Arb Agreements and Stamp Act 2023 INSC 1066 |
III. Separability of Arbitration Agreement - Kompetenz Kompetenz | 3. Vulcan Insurance Co Ltd v. Maharaj Singh and Anr (1976) 1 SCC 943 |
IV. Arbitrability of fraud | 4. Mitra Guha Builders (India) Co v. ONGC (2020) 3 SCC 222 |