In Ostwald's process for the manufacture of nitric acid, the first step involves the oxidation of ammonia gas by oxygen gas to give nitric oxide gas and steam. What is the maximum weight of nitric oxide that can be obtained starting only with 10.00 g. of ammonia and 20.00 g of oxygen?
Solution and Explanation
The balanced chemical equation for the given reaction is given as:
\(4NH_3(g)+5O_2(g)\rightarrow4NO(g)+6H_2O(g)\)
\(4×17\,g\) \(5×32\,g\) \(4×30\,g\) \(6×18\,g\)
\(=68\,g\) \(=160\,g\) \(=120\,g\) \(=108 \,g\)
Thus, \(68 \,g\) of \(NH_3\) reacts with \(160 \,g\) of \(O_2\).
Therefore, \(10\,g\) of \(NH_3\) reacts with \(\frac{160\times10}{68}\) \(g\) of \(O_2\), or \(23.53\) \(g\) of \(O_2\).
But the available amount of \(O_2\) is \(20\) \(g\).
Therefore, \(O_2\) is the limiting reagent (we have considered the amount of \(O_2\) to calculate the weight of nitric oxide obtained in the reaction).
Now, \(160\) \(g\) of \(O_2\) gives \(120\) \(g\) of \(NO\).
Therefore, \(20\) \(g\) of \(O_2\) gives \(\frac{120\times20}{160}\) \(g\) of \(N\), or \(15\) \(g\) of \(NO\).
Hence, a maximum of \(15 \,g\) of nitric oxide can be obtained.
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Concepts Used:
Redox Reactions
Redox Reaction:
Redox reactions are chemical reactions where oxidation and reduction take place simultaneously. In this type of reaction, there is a gain of electrons for one chemical species while the other loses electrons or simply involves transfer of electrons. The species that loses electrons is oxidized while the one that gains electrons is reduced.
Types of Redox Reactions:
Redox reactions can be differentiated into 4 categories namely combination reactions, decomposition reactions, displacement reactions, and disproportionation reactions. Each is explained separately below:
Combination Reaction:
In this, the molecules combine to form new compounds. For example, when magnesium reacts to nitrogen.
Decomposition Reaction:
Opposite to the combination reaction, here there is a breakdown of compounds to simpler substances. For example, electrolysis of water.
Displacement Reaction:
In this, the more reactive metal will displace the less reactive one in a chemical reaction. The reactivity of an element is represented in a series called the reactivity series (arranged in decreasing order of reactivity) which makes it easier to determine the chemical reaction and its products.
Disproportionation Reaction:
This is a peculiar type of reaction where an element showing a particular oxidation state will be oxidized and reduced simultaneously. Another thing to note is that these reactions will always have an element that can exhibit three oxidation states.