Question

Explain the distinctive features of the Harappan drainage system.

Hint:

The Harappan drainage system is considered one of the most advanced sanitation systems of the ancient world. Its key features include {covered drains, brick construction, house-to-street connections, and regular cleaning facilities}, reflecting the high level of urban planning in the Indus Valley Civilization.

Answer 1

Concept: The Harappan Civilization (also known as the Indus Valley Civilization) is famous for its highly advanced urban planning. One of its most remarkable achievements was the well-organized and scientifically designed drainage system. The cities such as Harappa and Mohenjo-daro had an efficient network for the disposal of wastewater and maintaining sanitation.
Step 1: Well-planned underground drainage network.
The Harappan cities had a systematic network of underground drains that ran along the main streets and lanes. These drains were carefully laid out in straight lines and connected different parts of the city, ensuring efficient flow of wastewater.
Step 2: Drains constructed with baked bricks.
The drains were constructed using well-burnt baked bricks which made them strong and durable. The bricks were placed carefully to prevent leakage and ensure smooth flow of water.
Step 3: Covered drainage system.
Most of the drains were covered with stone slabs or brick covers. This prevented foul smell from spreading and protected the drains from blockage caused by debris.
Step 4: Household drainage connected to main drains.
Almost every house had a bathroom and a private drain. These smaller drains from houses were connected to larger street drains, which eventually carried wastewater out of the city.
Step 5: Provision of soak pits and inspection holes.
Soak pits and small chambers were built at certain intervals to collect solid waste. These chambers could be cleaned periodically, showing that the Harappans had planned for maintenance of the drainage system.
Step 6: Proper slope for smooth water flow.
The drains were constructed with a slight slope so that wastewater could flow naturally without stagnation.