The doctrine of ‘indirect discrimination’ was carefully analyzed by Justice D.Y. Chandrachud in the case of Lt. Col. Nitisha vs Union of India, Delivered on 25th March 2021. This judgment is significant because it highlights the understanding and application of indirect discrimination within the legal framework.
Indirect discrimination occurs when a law or policy that appears neutral on the surface disproportionately affects a particular group. Justice Chandrachud’s analysis emphasized the importance of considering not just the intent behind a policy, but also its effects, ensuring that the laws do not disadvantage protected groups inadvertently.
The analysis in this case explained how policies, even if facially neutral, must be scrutinized on their impact to uphold the principles of equality and non-discrimination.
Match List-I with List-II 
In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court of India hold that the Preamble is \(\textit{not}\) part of the Constitution?
| I. Arbitration of excepted matters | 1. A. Ayyasamy v. A. Paramasivam, (2016) 10 SCC 386 |
| II. Conditional Arbitration Clauses | 2. In re - Interplay between Arb Agreements and Stamp Act 2023 INSC 1066 |
| III. Separability of Arbitration Agreement - Kompetenz Kompetenz | 3. Vulcan Insurance Co Ltd v. Maharaj Singh and Anr (1976) 1 SCC 943 |
| IV. Arbitrability of fraud | 4. Mitra Guha Builders (India) Co v. ONGC (2020) 3 SCC 222 |
| Offenses | Sections |
| (A) Voyeurism | (1) Section 77 |
| (B) Word, gesture or act intended to insult the modesty of a woman | (2) Section 79 |
| (C) Stalking | (3) Section 75 |
| (D) Sexual Harassment | (4) Section 78 |